feat(models): add support for generated and identity columns

* extend Column struct with Generated, GenerationExpression, Identity, and IdentityGeneration fields
* update queryColumns to handle new column properties
* modify migration writer to avoid altering generated and identity columns
* add tests to ensure correct handling of generated and identity columns

pkg/models/models.go

@@ -227,23 +227,27 @@ func (d *Sequence) SQLName() string {
 
 // Column represents a table column
 type Column struct {
-	Name          string         `json:"name" yaml:"name" xml:"name"`
-	Description   string         `json:"description,omitempty" yaml:"description,omitempty" xml:"description,omitempty"`
-	Table         string         `json:"table" yaml:"table" xml:"table"`
-	Schema        string         `json:"schema" yaml:"schema" xml:"schema"`
-	Type          string         `json:"type" yaml:"type" xml:"type"`
-	Length        int            `json:"length,omitempty" yaml:"length,omitempty" xml:"length,omitempty"`
-	Precision     int            `json:"precision,omitempty" yaml:"precision,omitempty" xml:"precision,omitempty"`
-	Scale         int            `json:"scale,omitempty" yaml:"scale,omitempty" xml:"scale,omitempty"`
-	NotNull       bool           `json:"not_null" yaml:"not_null" xml:"not_null"`
-	Default       any            `json:"default,omitempty" yaml:"default,omitempty" xml:"default,omitempty"`
-	AutoIncrement bool           `json:"auto_increment" yaml:"auto_increment" xml:"auto_increment"`
-	IsPrimaryKey  bool           `json:"is_primary_key" yaml:"is_primary_key" xml:"is_primary_key"`
-	Comment       string         `json:"comment,omitempty" yaml:"comment,omitempty" xml:"comment,omitempty"`
-	Collation     string         `json:"collation,omitempty" yaml:"collation,omitempty" xml:"collation,omitempty"`
-	Metadata      map[string]any `json:"metadata,omitempty" yaml:"metadata,omitempty" xml:"-"`
-	Sequence      uint           `json:"sequence,omitempty" yaml:"sequence,omitempty" xml:"sequence,omitempty"`
-	GUID          string         `json:"guid" yaml:"guid" xml:"guid"`
+	Name                 string         `json:"name" yaml:"name" xml:"name"`
+	Description          string         `json:"description,omitempty" yaml:"description,omitempty" xml:"description,omitempty"`
+	Table                string         `json:"table" yaml:"table" xml:"table"`
+	Schema               string         `json:"schema" yaml:"schema" xml:"schema"`
+	Type                 string         `json:"type" yaml:"type" xml:"type"`
+	Length               int            `json:"length,omitempty" yaml:"length,omitempty" xml:"length,omitempty"`
+	Precision            int            `json:"precision,omitempty" yaml:"precision,omitempty" xml:"precision,omitempty"`
+	Scale                int            `json:"scale,omitempty" yaml:"scale,omitempty" xml:"scale,omitempty"`
+	NotNull              bool           `json:"not_null" yaml:"not_null" xml:"not_null"`
+	Default              any            `json:"default,omitempty" yaml:"default,omitempty" xml:"default,omitempty"`
+	AutoIncrement        bool           `json:"auto_increment" yaml:"auto_increment" xml:"auto_increment"`
+	IsPrimaryKey         bool           `json:"is_primary_key" yaml:"is_primary_key" xml:"is_primary_key"`
+	Comment              string         `json:"comment,omitempty" yaml:"comment,omitempty" xml:"comment,omitempty"`
+	Collation            string         `json:"collation,omitempty" yaml:"collation,omitempty" xml:"collation,omitempty"`
+	Metadata             map[string]any `json:"metadata,omitempty" yaml:"metadata,omitempty" xml:"-"`
+	Sequence             uint           `json:"sequence,omitempty" yaml:"sequence,omitempty" xml:"sequence,omitempty"`
+	GUID                 string         `json:"guid" yaml:"guid" xml:"guid"`
+	Generated            bool           `json:"generated,omitempty" yaml:"generated,omitempty" xml:"generated,omitempty"`
+	GenerationExpression string         `json:"generation_expression,omitempty" yaml:"generation_expression,omitempty" xml:"generation_expression,omitempty"`
+	Identity             bool           `json:"identity,omitempty" yaml:"identity,omitempty" xml:"identity,omitempty"`
+	IdentityGeneration   string         `json:"identity_generation,omitempty" yaml:"identity_generation,omitempty" xml:"identity_generation,omitempty"` // "ALWAYS" or "BY DEFAULT"
 }
 
 // SQLName returns the column name in lowercase for SQL compatibility.

pkg/readers/pgsql/queries.go

@@ -243,7 +243,11 @@ func (r *Reader) queryColumns(schemaName string) (map[string]map[string]*models.
 			c.numeric_scale,
 			c.udt_name,
 			pg_catalog.format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod) as formatted_data_type,
-			col_description((c.table_schema||'.'||c.table_name)::regclass, c.ordinal_position) as description
+			col_description((c.table_schema||'.'||c.table_name)::regclass, c.ordinal_position) as description,
+			c.is_generated,
+			c.generation_expression,
+			c.is_identity,
+			c.identity_generation
 		FROM information_schema.columns c
 		JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
 			ON n.nspname = c.table_schema
@@ -268,17 +272,36 @@ func (r *Reader) queryColumns(schemaName string) (map[string]map[string]*models.
 	columnsMap := make(map[string]map[string]*models.Column)
 
 	for rows.Next() {
-		var schema, tableName, columnName, isNullable, dataType, udtName, formattedDataType string
+		var schema, tableName, columnName, isNullable, dataType, udtName, formattedDataType, isGenerated, isIdentity string
 		var ordinalPosition int
-		var columnDefault, description *string
+		var columnDefault, description, generationExpression, identityGeneration *string
 		var charMaxLength, numPrecision, numScale *int
 
-		if err := rows.Scan(&schema, &tableName, &columnName, &ordinalPosition, &columnDefault, &isNullable, &dataType, &charMaxLength, &numPrecision, &numScale, &udtName, &formattedDataType, &description); err != nil {
+		if err := rows.Scan(&schema, &tableName, &columnName, &ordinalPosition, &columnDefault, &isNullable, &dataType, &charMaxLength, &numPrecision, &numScale, &udtName, &formattedDataType, &description, &isGenerated, &generationExpression, &isIdentity, &identityGeneration); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
 		column := models.InitColumn(columnName, tableName, schema)
 
+		// GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED columns are computed by Postgres and cannot
+		// have their default altered/dropped like a regular column.
+		column.Generated = isGenerated == "ALWAYS"
+		if generationExpression != nil {
+			column.GenerationExpression = *generationExpression
+		}
+
+		// GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY columns are driven by an
+		// internal sequence rather than a literal default (unlike serial columns,
+		// they carry no pg_attrdef row at all), so they need the same DB-side
+		// handling as generated columns even though the underlying mechanism differs.
+		column.Identity = isIdentity == "YES"
+		if identityGeneration != nil {
+			column.IdentityGeneration = strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(*identityGeneration))
+		}
+		if column.Identity {
+			column.AutoIncrement = true
+		}
+
 		// Check if this is a serial type (has nextval default)
 		hasNextval := false
 		if columnDefault != nil {
@@ -301,6 +324,24 @@ func (r *Reader) queryColumns(schemaName string) (map[string]map[string]*models.
 			column.Description = *description
 		}
 
+		if column.Generated {
+			note := "GENERATED ALWAYS AS (" + column.GenerationExpression + ") STORED"
+			if column.Description != "" {
+				column.Description = column.Description + " " + note
+			} else {
+				column.Description = note
+			}
+		}
+
+		if column.Identity {
+			note := "GENERATED " + column.IdentityGeneration + " AS IDENTITY"
+			if column.Description != "" {
+				column.Description = column.Description + " " + note
+			} else {
+				column.Description = note
+			}
+		}
+
 		if charMaxLength != nil {
 			column.Length = *charMaxLength
 		}

pkg/writers/pgsql/migration_writer.go

@@ -433,6 +433,16 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateAlterTableScripts(schema *models.Schema, model
 				Body:       sql,
 			}
 			scripts = append(scripts, script)
+		} else if currentCol.Generated || currentCol.Identity {
+			// GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED columns and GENERATED ... AS IDENTITY
+			// columns are both driven by Postgres-side machinery (an expression, or
+			// a backing sequence + attidentity flag) that DBML cannot express, so
+			// the model side always looks like drift (missing type modifiers, no
+			// default, NOT NULL mismatches, etc). None of their properties are
+			// alterable the normal way (e.g. dropping a generated column's default
+			// requires DROP EXPRESSION, not DROP DEFAULT; identity columns have no
+			// default to alter at all), so these DB-side-only columns are left
+			// untouched rather than diffed.
 		} else if !columnsEqual(modelCol, currentCol) {
 			// Column exists but properties changed
 			if !columnTypesEqual(modelCol, currentCol) {

pkg/writers/pgsql/migration_writer_test.go

@@ -219,6 +219,91 @@ func TestWriteMigration_AltersColumnNullabilityWhenNotNullDiffers(t *testing.T)
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWriteMigration_DoesNotDropDefaultOnGeneratedColumn(t *testing.T) {
+	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	currentTable := models.InitTable("info_city", "public")
+	currentGeom := models.InitColumn("geom", "info_city", "public")
+	currentGeom.Type = "text"
+	currentGeom.Generated = true
+	currentGeom.GenerationExpression = "st_makepoint(lon, lat)"
+	currentTable.Columns["geom"] = currentGeom
+	currentSchema.Tables = append(currentSchema.Tables, currentTable)
+	current.Schemas = append(current.Schemas, currentSchema)
+
+	model := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	modelSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	modelTable := models.InitTable("info_city", "public")
+	modelGeom := models.InitColumn("geom", "info_city", "public")
+	modelGeom.Type = "text"
+	// DBML cannot express GENERATED ALWAYS columns, so the model declares
+	// this as a plain column with no default — it must not be treated as a
+	// default-value drift against the DB-side generated column.
+	modelTable.Columns["geom"] = modelGeom
+	modelSchema.Tables = append(modelSchema.Tables, modelTable)
+	model.Schemas = append(model.Schemas, modelSchema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer, err := NewMigrationWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteMigration(model, current); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteMigration failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if strings.Contains(output, "DROP DEFAULT") {
+		t.Fatalf("did not expect DROP DEFAULT against a generated column, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteMigration_DoesNotAlterIdentityColumn(t *testing.T) {
+	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	currentTable := models.InitTable("users", "public")
+	currentID := models.InitColumn("id", "users", "public")
+	currentID.Type = "bigint"
+	currentID.NotNull = true
+	currentID.Identity = true
+	currentID.IdentityGeneration = "ALWAYS"
+	currentTable.Columns["id"] = currentID
+	currentSchema.Tables = append(currentSchema.Tables, currentTable)
+	current.Schemas = append(current.Schemas, currentSchema)
+
+	model := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	modelSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	modelTable := models.InitTable("users", "public")
+	modelID := models.InitColumn("id", "users", "public")
+	modelID.Type = "bigint"
+	// DBML cannot express GENERATED ... AS IDENTITY, so the model declares this
+	// as a plain nullable column — it must not be diffed as NOT NULL drift
+	// against the DB-side identity column (Postgres rejects DROP NOT NULL on
+	// an identity column).
+	modelID.NotNull = false
+	modelTable.Columns["id"] = modelID
+	modelSchema.Tables = append(modelSchema.Tables, modelTable)
+	model.Schemas = append(model.Schemas, modelSchema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer, err := NewMigrationWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteMigration(model, current); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteMigration failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if strings.Contains(output, "DROP NOT NULL") {
+		t.Fatalf("did not expect DROP NOT NULL against an identity column, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteMigration_UsesStorageTypeForSerialAlterStatements(t *testing.T) {
 	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
 	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")

pkg/writers/pgsql/writer.go

@@ -462,6 +462,12 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateAlterColumnTypeStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]str
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
 		columns := getSortedColumns(table.Columns)
 		for _, col := range columns {
+			if col.Generated || col.Identity {
+				// Type is derived from the generation expression (generated columns) or
+				// tied to the backing sequence (identity columns); leave both alone here
+				// rather than risk an ALTER COLUMN TYPE Postgres won't accept cleanly.
+				continue
+			}
 			targetType := effectiveAlterColumnSQLType(col)
 			stmt, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnTypeWithCheck(AlterColumnTypeWithCheckData{
 				SchemaName:      schema.Name,
@@ -492,6 +498,14 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateAlterColumnDefaultStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
 		columns := getSortedColumns(table.Columns)
 		for _, col := range columns {
+			if col.Generated || col.Identity {
+				// Generated columns: Postgres stores the generation expression in
+				// pg_attrdef just like a real default, so the guard template would see
+				// it as a stray default and emit DROP DEFAULT, which Postgres rejects.
+				// Identity columns never carry a DEFAULT at all (they're driven by a
+				// backing sequence), so there is nothing for this generator to manage.
+				continue
+			}
 			setDefault, defaultVal := formatColumnDefaultSQL(col)
 			stmt, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnDefaultWithCheck(AlterColumnDefaultWithCheckData{
 				SchemaName:   schema.Name,
@@ -605,13 +619,25 @@ func (w *Writer) generateColumnDefinition(col *models.Column) string {
 
 	parts = append(parts, effectiveColumnSQLType(col))
 
+	// GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED columns are computed from an expression and
+	// cannot also carry a DEFAULT, so this takes the place of the DEFAULT clause.
+	if col.Generated && col.GenerationExpression != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("GENERATED ALWAYS AS (%s) STORED", col.GenerationExpression))
+	}
+
+	// GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY columns are driven by an
+	// internal sequence, not a literal DEFAULT, and cannot carry one either.
+	if col.Identity && col.IdentityGeneration != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("GENERATED %s AS IDENTITY", col.IdentityGeneration))
+	}
+
 	// NOT NULL
 	if col.NotNull {
 		parts = append(parts, "NOT NULL")
 	}
 
 	// DEFAULT
-	if col.Default != nil {
+	if !col.Generated && !col.Identity && col.Default != nil {
 		switch v := col.Default.(type) {
 		case string:
 			parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("DEFAULT %s", writers.QuoteDefaultValue(stripBackticks(v), col.Type)))

pkg/writers/pgsql/writer_test.go

@@ -1510,3 +1510,42 @@ func TestIndexStorageParameters(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestGenerateColumnDefinition_GeneratedColumnEmitsGeneratedClauseNotDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	w := &Writer{}
+
+	col := models.InitColumn("geom", "info_city", "public")
+	col.Type = "text"
+	col.NotNull = true
+	col.Generated = true
+	col.GenerationExpression = "st_makepoint(lon, lat)"
+	// A generated column's introspected "default" is actually its generation
+	// expression surfaced via pg_attrdef; it must never be rendered as DEFAULT.
+	col.Default = "st_makepoint(lon, lat)"
+
+	got := w.generateColumnDefinition(col)
+
+	want := "geom text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (st_makepoint(lon, lat)) STORED NOT NULL"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("generateColumnDefinition() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateColumnDefinition_IdentityColumnEmitsIdentityClauseNotDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	w := &Writer{}
+
+	col := models.InitColumn("id", "users", "public")
+	col.Type = "bigint"
+	col.NotNull = true
+	col.Identity = true
+	col.IdentityGeneration = "ALWAYS"
+	// Identity columns never carry a literal default; this must never surface.
+	col.Default = "some-stray-value"
+
+	got := w.generateColumnDefinition(col)
+
+	want := "id bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY NOT NULL"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("generateColumnDefinition() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}