chore(release): update package version to 1.0.74

* Add handling for pgvector and PostGIS extensions in migration scripts
* Implement operator class and storage parameters for vector indexes
* Update tests to validate new index behaviors and extension creation

.gitea/workflows/release.yml

@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ jobs:
             PKGDIR="relspec_${PKGVER}_${GOARCH}"
             mkdir -p "${PKGDIR}/DEBIAN"
             mkdir -p "${PKGDIR}/usr/bin"
+            chmod -R 0755 "${PKGDIR}"
 
             install -m755 relspec "${PKGDIR}/usr/bin/relspec"
 

README.md

@@ -164,7 +164,12 @@ type, selected via `--types sqltypes`. See the
 [`pkg/sqltypes` README](./pkg/sqltypes/README.md) for the full type
 reference, or the [`bun`](./pkg/writers/bun/README.md) /
 [`gorm`](./pkg/writers/gorm/README.md) writer docs for the `--types` flag
-(`sqltypes`, `stdlib`, or `baselib`).
+(`sqltypes`, `stdlib`, or `baselib`). PostgreSQL array columns are the one
+exception: the `bun` writer always generates native Go slices (`[]string`,
+`[]int32`, …) with an explicit `array` bun tag, regardless of `--types` —
+see [`bun`'s `--array-nullable`](./pkg/writers/bun/README.md#nullablearrays)
+flag for nullable-array handling. The `SqlXxxArray` wrapper types remain
+available in `pkg/sqltypes` and are still used by the `gorm` writer.
 
 ## Contributing
 

cmd/relspec/assets.go

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/assetloader"
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/pgsql"
+)
+
+var (
+	assetsDir          string
+	assetsConn         string
+	assetsIgnoreErrors bool
+)
+
+var assetsCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "assets",
+	Short: "Load and execute asset manifests against a database",
+	Long: `Load local binary and text asset files into a PostgreSQL database.
+
+Assets are described by YAML manifests (assets.yaml) colocated with the files.
+Each manifest entry specifies the file to load and the SQL call to execute.
+File bytes are bound as native pgx parameters — never as SQL text literals —
+so binary files stay byte-exact with no size or encoding limitations.
+
+Manifests must live in directories that follow the naming pattern used by
+relspec scripts:
+  {priority}_{sequence}_{name}/   or   {priority}-{sequence}-{name}/
+
+This allows asset-loading steps to be ordered correctly alongside SQL scripts
+in a migrate-apply pipeline.
+
+Manifest format (assets.yaml):
+  - file: invoice.md
+    call: |
+      INSERT INTO org.filepointer (rid_owner, filename, contenttype, jsonstore)
+      VALUES (1, :filename, 'text/markdown', jsonb_build_object('content', :bytes::text))
+  - file: logo.png
+    call: UPDATE branding SET logo = :bytes WHERE id = 1
+    params:
+      owner_id: "42"
+
+Built-in placeholders:
+  :bytes    — the file's raw content as bytea
+  :filename — the base name of the file (string)
+  :any_key  — a static value declared in the entry's params map`,
+}
+
+var assetsListCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "list",
+	Short: "List asset manifests from a directory",
+	Long: `List all asset manifest entries from a directory in execution order.
+
+The directory is scanned recursively for assets.yaml files located in
+directories that follow the {priority}_{sequence}_{name} naming convention.
+
+Example:
+  relspec assets list --dir ./sql`,
+	RunE: runAssetsList,
+}
+
+var assetsExecuteCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "execute",
+	Short: "Execute asset manifests against a database",
+	Long: `Execute asset manifest entries from a directory against a PostgreSQL database.
+
+Asset manifests are executed in order: Priority (ascending), Sequence (ascending),
+Directory name (alphabetical). By default, execution stops on the first error.
+Use --ignore-errors to continue even when individual entries fail.
+
+PostgreSQL Connection String Examples:
+  postgres://username:password@localhost:5432/database_name
+  postgresql://user:pass@host/dbname?sslmode=disable
+
+Examples:
+  relspec assets execute --dir ./sql \
+                         --conn "postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb"
+
+  relspec assets execute --dir ./sql \
+                         --conn "postgres://localhost/mydb" \
+                         --ignore-errors`,
+	RunE: runAssetsExecute,
+}
+
+func init() {
+	assetsListCmd.Flags().StringVar(&assetsDir, "dir", "", "Directory to scan for asset manifests (required)")
+	if err := assetsListCmd.MarkFlagRequired("dir"); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error marking dir flag as required: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	assetsExecuteCmd.Flags().StringVar(&assetsDir, "dir", "", "Directory to scan for asset manifests (required)")
+	assetsExecuteCmd.Flags().StringVar(&assetsConn, "conn", "", "PostgreSQL connection string (required)")
+	assetsExecuteCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&assetsIgnoreErrors, "ignore-errors", false, "Continue executing even if entries fail")
+	if err := assetsExecuteCmd.MarkFlagRequired("dir"); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error marking dir flag as required: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	if err := assetsExecuteCmd.MarkFlagRequired("conn"); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error marking conn flag as required: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	assetsCmd.AddCommand(assetsListCmd)
+	assetsCmd.AddCommand(assetsExecuteCmd)
+}
+
+func runAssetsList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n=== Asset Manifests List ===\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Directory: %s\n\n", assetsDir)
+
+	items, err := assetloader.ScanDir(assetsDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("scanning directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(items) == 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "No asset manifests found.\n\n")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Found %d asset entry(ies) in execution order:\n\n", len(items))
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%-4s %-10s %-8s %-20s %s\n", "No.", "Priority", "Sequence", "Dir", "File")
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%-4s %-10s %-8s %-20s %s\n", "----", "--------", "--------", "--------------------", "----")
+
+	for i, item := range items {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%-4d %-10d %-8d %-20s %s\n",
+			i+1,
+			item.Priority,
+			item.Sequence,
+			item.DirName,
+			filepath.Base(item.Entry.File),
+		)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func runAssetsExecute(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n=== Asset Manifests Execution ===\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Started at: %s\n", getCurrentTimestamp())
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Directory: %s\n", assetsDir)
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Database:  %s\n\n", maskPassword(assetsConn))
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "[1/2] Scanning asset manifests...\n")
+
+	items, err := assetloader.ScanDir(assetsDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("scanning directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(items) == 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      No asset manifests found. Nothing to execute.\n\n")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      ✓ Found %d asset entry(ies)\n\n", len(items))
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "[2/2] Executing assets in order (Priority → Sequence → Dir)...\n\n")
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	conn, err := pgsql.Connect(ctx, assetsConn, "assets-execute")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connecting to database: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close(ctx)
+
+	successCount := 0
+	var failures []struct {
+		item assetloader.Item
+		err  error
+	}
+
+	for _, item := range items {
+		name := filepath.Base(item.Entry.File)
+		fmt.Printf("Executing asset: %s (Priority=%d, Sequence=%d, Dir=%s)\n",
+			name, item.Priority, item.Sequence, item.DirName)
+
+		if err := assetloader.ExecuteItem(ctx, conn, item); err != nil {
+			if assetsIgnoreErrors {
+				fmt.Printf("⚠ Error loading %s: %v (continuing due to --ignore-errors)\n", name, err)
+				failures = append(failures, struct {
+					item assetloader.Item
+					err  error
+				}{item, err})
+				continue
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("asset %s (Priority=%d, Sequence=%d): %w",
+				name, item.Priority, item.Sequence, err)
+		}
+
+		successCount++
+		fmt.Printf("✓ Successfully loaded: %s\n", name)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n=== Execution Complete ===\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Completed at: %s\n", getCurrentTimestamp())
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Total entries: %d\n", len(items))
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Successful:    %d\n", successCount)
+	if len(failures) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Failed:        %d\n", len(failures))
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n⚠ Failed Entries Summary (%d failed):\n", len(failures))
+		for i, f := range failures {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "  %d. %s (Priority=%d, Sequence=%d)\n     Error: %v\n",
+				i+1, filepath.Base(f.item.Entry.File), f.item.Priority, f.item.Sequence, f.err)
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n")
+
+	return nil
+}

cmd/relspec/convert.go

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ var (
 	convertSchemaFilter    string
 	convertFlattenSchema   bool
 	convertNullableTypes   string
+	convertNullableArrays  string
 	convertContinueOnError bool
 	convertExtraFields     string
 )
@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ func init() {
 	convertCmd.Flags().StringVar(&convertSchemaFilter, "schema", "", "Filter to a specific schema by name (required for formats like dctx that only support single schemas)")
 	convertCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&convertFlattenSchema, "flatten-schema", false, "Flatten schema.table names to schema_table (useful for databases like SQLite that do not support schemas)")
 	convertCmd.Flags().StringVar(&convertNullableTypes, "types", "", "Nullable type package for code-gen writers (bun/gorm): 'baselib' (default, Go pointer types), 'stdlib' (database/sql), or 'sqltypes'")
+	convertCmd.Flags().StringVar(&convertNullableArrays, "array-nullable", "", "Nullable PostgreSQL array representation for the Bun writer in stdlib/baselib --types mode: 'slice' (default, plain slice) or 'pointer_slice' (*[]T, distinguishes NULL from '{}')")
 	convertCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&convertContinueOnError, "continue-on-error", false, "Prepend \\set ON_ERROR_STOP off to generated SQL so psql continues past errors (pgsql output only)")
 	convertCmd.Flags().StringVar(&convertExtraFields, "extra-fields", "", "Path to JSON file containing extra Bun model fields to inject (bun output only); fields support target_table, name, type, bun_tag, json_tag, comment")
 
@@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ func runConvert(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      Schema: %s\n", convertSchemaFilter)
 	}
 
-	if err := writeDatabase(db, convertTargetType, convertTargetPath, convertPackageName, convertSchemaFilter, convertFlattenSchema, convertNullableTypes, convertContinueOnError, convertExtraFields); err != nil {
+	if err := writeDatabase(db, convertTargetType, convertTargetPath, convertPackageName, convertSchemaFilter, convertFlattenSchema, convertNullableTypes, convertNullableArrays, convertContinueOnError, convertExtraFields); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write target: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -388,12 +390,12 @@ func readDatabaseForConvert(dbType, filePath, connString string) (*models.Databa
 	return db, nil
 }
 
-func writeDatabase(db *models.Database, dbType, outputPath, packageName, schemaFilter string, flattenSchema bool, nullableTypes string, continueOnError bool, extraFields string) error {
+func writeDatabase(db *models.Database, dbType, outputPath, packageName, schemaFilter string, flattenSchema bool, nullableTypes, nullableArrays string, continueOnError bool, extraFields string) error {
 	var writer writers.Writer
 
-	writerOpts := newWriterOptions(outputPath, packageName, flattenSchema, nullableTypes, continueOnError)
+	writerOpts := newWriterOptions(outputPath, packageName, flattenSchema, nullableTypes, nullableArrays, continueOnError)
 	if extraFields != "" {
-		if strings.ToLower(dbType) != "bun" {
+		if !strings.EqualFold(dbType, "bun") {
 			return fmt.Errorf("--extra-fields is only supported for Bun output")
 		}
 		extraFieldsJSON, err := os.ReadFile(extraFields)

cmd/relspec/diff.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers/drawdb"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers/json"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers/pgsql"
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers/sqldir"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers/sqlite"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers/yaml"
 )
@@ -87,11 +88,11 @@ Examples:
 }
 
 func init() {
-	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&sourceType, "from", "", "Source database format (dbml, dctx, drawdb, json, yaml, pgsql)")
+	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&sourceType, "from", "", "Source database format (dbml, dctx, drawdb, json, yaml, pgsql, sqldir)")
 	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&sourcePath, "from-path", "", "Source file path (for file-based formats)")
 	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&sourceConn, "from-conn", "", "Source connection string (for database formats)")
 
-	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&targetType, "to", "", "Target database format (dbml, dctx, drawdb, json, yaml, pgsql)")
+	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&targetType, "to", "", "Target database format (dbml, dctx, drawdb, json, yaml, pgsql, sqldir)")
 	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&targetPath, "to-path", "", "Target file path (for file-based formats)")
 	diffCmd.Flags().StringVar(&targetConn, "to-conn", "", "Target connection string (for database formats)")
 
@@ -129,10 +130,12 @@ func runDiff(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      ✓ Successfully read database '%s'\n", sourceDB.Name)
 	sourceTables := 0
+	sourceScripts := 0
 	for _, schema := range sourceDB.Schemas {
 		sourceTables += len(schema.Tables)
+		sourceScripts += len(schema.Scripts)
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      Found: %d schema(s), %d table(s)\n\n", len(sourceDB.Schemas), sourceTables)
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      Found: %d schema(s), %d table(s), %d script(s)\n\n", len(sourceDB.Schemas), sourceTables, sourceScripts)
 
 	// Read target database
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "[2/3] Reading target schema...\n")
@@ -151,10 +154,12 @@ func runDiff(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      ✓ Successfully read database '%s'\n", targetDB.Name)
 	targetTables := 0
+	targetScripts := 0
 	for _, schema := range targetDB.Schemas {
 		targetTables += len(schema.Tables)
+		targetScripts += len(schema.Scripts)
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      Found: %d schema(s), %d table(s)\n\n", len(targetDB.Schemas), targetTables)
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      Found: %d schema(s), %d table(s), %d script(s)\n\n", len(targetDB.Schemas), targetTables, targetScripts)
 
 	// Compare databases
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "[3/3] Comparing schemas...\n")
@@ -165,7 +170,8 @@ func runDiff(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		summary.Tables.Missing + summary.Tables.Extra + summary.Tables.Modified +
 		summary.Columns.Missing + summary.Columns.Extra + summary.Columns.Modified +
 		summary.Indexes.Missing + summary.Indexes.Extra + summary.Indexes.Modified +
-		summary.Constraints.Missing + summary.Constraints.Extra + summary.Constraints.Modified
+		summary.Constraints.Missing + summary.Constraints.Extra + summary.Constraints.Modified +
+		summary.Scripts.Missing + summary.Scripts.Extra + summary.Scripts.Modified
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      ✓ Comparison complete\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "      Found: %d difference(s)\n\n", totalDiffs)
@@ -249,6 +255,12 @@ func readDatabase(dbType, filePath, connString, label string) (*models.Database,
 		}
 		reader = yaml.NewReader(&readers.ReaderOptions{FilePath: filePath})
 
+	case "sqldir", "scripts", "scriptdir":
+		if filePath == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for SQL directory format", label)
+		}
+		reader = sqldir.NewReader(&readers.ReaderOptions{FilePath: filePath})
+
 	case "pgsql", "postgres", "postgresql":
 		if connString == "" {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: connection string is required for PostgreSQL format", label)

cmd/relspec/diff_sqldir_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestReadDatabaseSupportsSQLDir(t *testing.T) {
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "1_001_create_users.sql"), []byte("CREATE TABLE users (id int);"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "1_002_seed_users.pgsql"), []byte("INSERT INTO users (id) VALUES (1);"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	db, err := readDatabase("sqldir", tempDir, "", "source")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("readDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(db.Schemas) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 schema, got %d", len(db.Schemas))
+	}
+	if got := len(db.Schemas[0].Scripts); got != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 scripts, got %d", got)
+	}
+}

cmd/relspec/edit.go

@@ -323,31 +323,31 @@ func writeDatabaseForEdit(dbType, filePath, connString string, db *models.Databa
 
 	switch strings.ToLower(dbType) {
 	case "dbml":
-		writer = wdbml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wdbml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "dctx":
-		writer = wdctx.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wdctx.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "drawdb":
-		writer = wdrawdb.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wdrawdb.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "graphql":
-		writer = wgraphql.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wgraphql.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "json":
-		writer = wjson.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wjson.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "yaml":
-		writer = wyaml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wyaml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "gorm":
-		writer = wgorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wgorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "bun":
-		writer = wbun.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wbun.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "drizzle":
-		writer = wdrizzle.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wdrizzle.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "prisma":
-		writer = wprisma.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wprisma.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "typeorm":
-		writer = wtypeorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wtypeorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "sqlite", "sqlite3":
-		writer = wsqlite.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wsqlite.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	case "pgsql":
-		writer = wpgsql.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", false))
+		writer = wpgsql.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", false, "", "", false))
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s: unsupported format: %s", label, dbType)
 	}

cmd/relspec/main.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func main() {
+	printVersionHeader(os.Args[1:])
 	if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
 		os.Exit(1)

cmd/relspec/merge.go

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func init() {
 	// Output flags
 	mergeCmd.Flags().StringVar(&mergeOutputType, "output", "", "Output format (required): dbml, dctx, drawdb, graphql, json, yaml, gorm, bun, drizzle, prisma, typeorm, pgsql")
 	mergeCmd.Flags().StringVar(&mergeOutputPath, "output-path", "", "Output file path (required for file-based formats)")
-	mergeCmd.Flags().StringVar(&mergeOutputConn, "output-conn", "", "Output connection string (for pgsql)")
+	mergeCmd.Flags().StringVar(&mergeOutputConn, "output-conn", "", "Output connection string (for pgsql) or database file path (for sqlite, to execute DDL directly instead of writing a .sql file)")
 
 	// Merge options
 	mergeCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&mergeSkipDomains, "skip-domains", false, "Skip domains during merge")
@@ -375,61 +375,69 @@ func writeDatabaseForMerge(dbType, filePath, connString string, db *models.Datab
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for DBML format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wdbml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wdbml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "dctx":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for DCTX format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wdctx.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wdctx.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "drawdb":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for DrawDB format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wdrawdb.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wdrawdb.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "graphql":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for GraphQL format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wgraphql.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wgraphql.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "json":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for JSON format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wjson.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wjson.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "yaml":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for YAML format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wyaml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wyaml.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "gorm":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for GORM format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wgorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wgorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "bun":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for Bun format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wbun.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wbun.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "drizzle":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for Drizzle format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wdrizzle.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wdrizzle.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "prisma":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for Prisma format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wprisma.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wprisma.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "typeorm":
 		if filePath == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: file path is required for TypeORM format", label)
 		}
-		writer = wtypeorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writer = wtypeorm.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false))
 	case "sqlite", "sqlite3":
-		writer = wsqlite.NewWriter(newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false))
+		writerOpts := newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false)
+		if connString != "" {
+			// Execute DDL directly against the SQLite database file instead
+			// of writing a .sql script.
+			writerOpts.Metadata = map[string]interface{}{
+				"connection_string": connString,
+			}
+		}
+		writer = wsqlite.NewWriter(writerOpts)
 	case "pgsql":
-		writerOpts := newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", false)
+		writerOpts := newWriterOptions(filePath, "", flattenSchema, "", "", false)
 		if connString != "" {
 			writerOpts.Metadata = map[string]interface{}{
 				"connection_string": connString,

cmd/relspec/prisma_options.go

@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ func newReaderOptions(filePath, connString string) *readers.ReaderOptions {
 	}
 }
 
-func newWriterOptions(outputPath, packageName string, flattenSchema bool, nullableTypes string, continueOnError bool) *writers.WriterOptions {
+func newWriterOptions(outputPath, packageName string, flattenSchema bool, nullableTypes, nullableArrays string, continueOnError bool) *writers.WriterOptions {
 	return &writers.WriterOptions{
 		OutputPath:      outputPath,
 		PackageName:     packageName,
 		FlattenSchema:   flattenSchema,
 		NullableTypes:   nullableTypes,
+		NullableArrays:  nullableArrays,
 		Prisma7:         prisma7,
 		ContinueOnError: continueOnError,
 	}

cmd/relspec/report.go

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+const (
+	reportAPIBase   = "https://git.warky.dev/api/v1/repos/wdevs/relspecgo/issues"
+	reportRateLimit = time.Minute
+	reportTokenB64  = "OGQ4ODlhNmY2ZjQ5NjY5OTA5MTJhYTIyZjcyNzExMTNjZTEyZTRhMQ=="
+	reportStateFile = "report_state.json"
+)
+
+var (
+	reportBody  string
+	reportName  string
+	reportEmail string
+)
+
+var reportCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "report",
+	Short: "Report a bug or feature request against RelSpec",
+	Long:  "Report a bug or feature request directly to the RelSpec issue tracker.",
+}
+
+var reportBugCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "bug <title>",
+	Short: "Report a bug",
+	Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(1),
+	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+		return submitReport("Bug", args[0], reportBody, reportName, reportEmail)
+	},
+}
+
+var reportFeatureCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "feature <title>",
+	Short: "Report a feature request",
+	Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(1),
+	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+		return submitReport("Feature", args[0], reportBody, reportName, reportEmail)
+	},
+}
+
+func init() {
+	for _, c := range []*cobra.Command{reportBugCmd, reportFeatureCmd} {
+		c.Flags().StringVar(&reportBody, "body", "", "Detailed description of the report")
+		c.Flags().StringVar(&reportName, "name", "", "Optional name, if you'd like feedback on this report")
+		c.Flags().StringVar(&reportEmail, "email", "", "Optional email address, if you'd like feedback on this report")
+	}
+	reportCmd.AddCommand(reportBugCmd)
+	reportCmd.AddCommand(reportFeatureCmd)
+}
+
+type reportState struct {
+	LastReport time.Time `json:"last_report"`
+	MachineID  string    `json:"machine_id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func reportStateDir() (string, error) {
+	configDir, err := os.UserConfigDir()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	dir := filepath.Join(configDir, "relspec")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o700); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return dir, nil
+}
+
+func loadReportState() (reportState, string, error) {
+	dir, err := reportStateDir()
+	if err != nil {
+		return reportState{}, "", err
+	}
+	path := filepath.Join(dir, reportStateFile)
+
+	var state reportState
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err == nil {
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(data, &state)
+	}
+	return state, path, nil
+}
+
+func saveReportState(path string, state reportState) error {
+	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(state, "", "  ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.WriteFile(path, data, 0o600)
+}
+
+// systemUniqueID returns the OS machine id, falling back to a locally
+// persisted UUID if the platform-specific id cannot be read.
+func systemUniqueID(state reportState, statePath string) (string, error) {
+	if id, err := osMachineID(); err == nil && id != "" {
+		return id, nil
+	}
+
+	if state.MachineID != "" {
+		return state.MachineID, nil
+	}
+
+	id := uuid.NewString()
+	state.MachineID = id
+	if err := saveReportState(statePath, state); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+func osMachineID() (string, error) {
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "linux":
+		for _, path := range []string{"/etc/machine-id", "/var/lib/dbus/machine-id"} {
+			data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+			if err == nil {
+				return strings.TrimSpace(string(data)), nil
+			}
+		}
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no machine-id file found")
+	case "darwin":
+		out, err := exec.Command("ioreg", "-rd1", "-c", "IOPlatformExpertDevice").Output()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(`"IOPlatformUUID"\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"`)
+		match := re.FindSubmatch(out)
+		if match == nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("IOPlatformUUID not found")
+		}
+		return string(match[1]), nil
+	case "windows":
+		out, err := exec.Command("reg", "query", `HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Cryptography`, "/v", "MachineGuid").Output()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(`MachineGuid\s+REG_SZ\s+(\S+)`)
+		match := re.FindSubmatch(out)
+		if match == nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("MachineGuid not found")
+		}
+		return string(match[1]), nil
+	default:
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported platform: %s", runtime.GOOS)
+	}
+}
+
+func reportToken() (string, error) {
+	decoded, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(reportTokenB64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("decode report token: %w", err)
+	}
+	return string(decoded), nil
+}
+
+type createIssueRequest struct {
+	Title string `json:"title"`
+	Body  string `json:"body"`
+}
+
+func submitReport(kind, title, body, name, email string) error {
+	state, statePath, err := loadReportState()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("load report state: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !state.LastReport.IsZero() {
+		if wait := reportRateLimit - time.Since(state.LastReport); wait > 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("please wait %s before submitting another report", wait.Round(time.Second))
+		}
+	}
+
+	id, err := systemUniqueID(state, statePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("determine system id: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	token, err := reportToken()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	fullTitle := fmt.Sprintf("[%s] %s (id: %s)", kind, title, id)
+
+	fullBody := body
+	if name != "" || email != "" {
+		var contact []string
+		if name != "" {
+			contact = append(contact, "Name: "+name)
+		}
+		if email != "" {
+			contact = append(contact, "Email: "+email)
+		}
+		fullBody = strings.TrimSpace(fullBody + "\n\n---\n" + strings.Join(contact, "\n"))
+	}
+
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(createIssueRequest{Title: fullTitle, Body: fullBody})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("build request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, reportAPIBase, bytes.NewReader(payload))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("build request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "token "+token)
+
+	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("submit report: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusCreated {
+		return fmt.Errorf("submit report: unexpected status %s", resp.Status)
+	}
+
+	state.LastReport = time.Now()
+	state.MachineID = id
+	if err := saveReportState(statePath, state); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("save report state: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Report submitted: %s\n", fullTitle)
+	return nil
+}

cmd/relspec/root.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ var (
 	version   = "dev"
 	buildDate = "unknown"
 	prisma7   bool
+	noVersion bool
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -54,9 +55,6 @@ bidirectional conversion between various database schema formats.
 It reads database schemas from multiple sources (live databases, DBML,
 DCTX, DrawDB, etc.) and writes them to various formats (GORM, Bun,
 JSON, YAML, SQL, etc.).`,
-	PersistentPreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-		fmt.Printf("RelSpec %s (built: %s)\n\n", version, buildDate)
-	},
 }
 
 func init() {
@@ -64,10 +62,30 @@ func init() {
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(diffCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(inspectCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(scriptsCmd)
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(assetsCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(templCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(editCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(mergeCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(splitCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(reportCmd)
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&prisma7, "prisma7", false, "Use Prisma 7 generator conventions when reading/writing Prisma schemas")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&noVersion, "no-version", false, "Suppress the RelSpec version header")
+}
+
+// printVersionHeader prints the "RelSpec <version> (built: <date>)" banner
+// that precedes all command output. It is invoked from main() before cobra
+// parses/executes anything, so it runs even for --help and bare invocations.
+// It is skipped when --no-version is present, or when the version subcommand
+// is being run (which prints its own, more detailed output).
+func printVersionHeader(args []string) {
+	for _, a := range args {
+		if a == "--no-version" {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if len(args) > 0 && args[0] == "version" {
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("RelSpec %s (built: %s)\n\n", version, buildDate)
 }

cmd/relspec/split.go

@@ -11,18 +11,19 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	splitSourceType    string
-	splitSourcePath    string
-	splitSourceConn    string
-	splitTargetType    string
-	splitTargetPath    string
-	splitSchemas       string
-	splitTables        string
-	splitPackageName   string
-	splitDatabaseName  string
-	splitExcludeSchema string
-	splitExcludeTables string
-	splitNullableTypes string
+	splitSourceType     string
+	splitSourcePath     string
+	splitSourceConn     string
+	splitTargetType     string
+	splitTargetPath     string
+	splitSchemas        string
+	splitTables         string
+	splitPackageName    string
+	splitDatabaseName   string
+	splitExcludeSchema  string
+	splitExcludeTables  string
+	splitNullableTypes  string
+	splitNullableArrays string
 )
 
 var splitCmd = &cobra.Command{
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ func init() {
 	splitCmd.Flags().StringVar(&splitExcludeSchema, "exclude-schema", "", "Comma-separated list of schema names to exclude")
 	splitCmd.Flags().StringVar(&splitExcludeTables, "exclude-tables", "", "Comma-separated list of table names to exclude (case-insensitive)")
 	splitCmd.Flags().StringVar(&splitNullableTypes, "types", "", "Nullable type package for code-gen writers (bun/gorm): 'baselib' (default, Go pointer types), 'stdlib' (database/sql), or 'sqltypes'")
+	splitCmd.Flags().StringVar(&splitNullableArrays, "array-nullable", "", "Nullable PostgreSQL array representation for the Bun writer in stdlib/baselib --types mode: 'slice' (default, plain slice) or 'pointer_slice' (*[]T, distinguishes NULL from '{}')")
 
 	err := splitCmd.MarkFlagRequired("from")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -188,6 +190,7 @@ func runSplit(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		"",    // no schema filter for split
 		false, // no flatten-schema for split
 		splitNullableTypes,
+		splitNullableArrays,
 		false, // no continue-on-error for split
 		"",    // no extra fields for split
 	)

docs/SCRIPTS_COMMAND.md

@@ -85,6 +85,23 @@ migrations/
 
 All files will be found and executed in Priority→Sequence order regardless of directory structure.
 
+## External File Embedding
+
+Script SQL can embed nearby text or binary files before execution using `-- @embed` directives:
+
+```sql
+-- @embed: path=assets/message.txt var=:message mode=text
+-- @embed: path=assets/photo.bin var=:payload mode=base64
+INSERT INTO assets (message, payload)
+VALUES (:message, decode(:payload, 'base64')::bytea);
+```
+
+- `path`: File path resolved relative to the SQL file containing the directive
+- `var`: Named placeholder to replace, such as `:message`
+- `mode`: `text` embeds an escaped SQL string literal; `base64` embeds a base64 string literal
+
+The directive comment is removed from the SQL, and every matching placeholder is replaced before the script is listed or executed.
+
 ## Commands
 
 ### relspec scripts list

go.mod

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.2
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/uptrace/bun v1.2.18
+	github.com/uptrace/bun/dialect/pgdialect v1.2.18
 	golang.org/x/text v0.37.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	modernc.org/sqlite v1.50.1
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/lucasb-eyer/go-colorful v1.4.0 // indirect
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack/v5 v5.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/vmihailenco/tagparser/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.51.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.44.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/term v0.43.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.45.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@ github.com/tmthrgd/go-hex v0.0.0-20190904060850-447a3041c3bc h1:9lRDQMhESg+zvGYm
 github.com/tmthrgd/go-hex v0.0.0-20190904060850-447a3041c3bc/go.mod h1:bciPuU6GHm1iF1pBvUfxfsH0Wmnc2VbpgvbI9ZWuIRs=
 github.com/uptrace/bun v1.2.18 h1:3HnRcMfS6OBPMG1eSOzlbFJ/X/AyMEJb7rMxE6VQvDU=
 github.com/uptrace/bun v1.2.18/go.mod h1:wNltaKJk4JtOt4SG5I5zmA7v0/Mzjh1+/S906Rayd3Y=
+github.com/uptrace/bun/dialect/pgdialect v1.2.18 h1:IZ6nM2+OYrL8lkEAy7UkSEZvoa3vluTAUlZfPtlRB2k=
+github.com/uptrace/bun/dialect/pgdialect v1.2.18/go.mod h1:Tqdf4QP1okrGYpXfodXvCOK6Ob1OOTwSaoAzCgBB3IU=
 github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack/v5 v5.4.1 h1:cQriyiUvjTwOHg8QZaPihLWeRAAVoCpE00IUPn0Bjt8=
 github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack/v5 v5.4.1/go.mod h1:GaZTsDaehaPpQVyxrf5mtQlH+pc21PIudVV/E3rRQok=
 github.com/vmihailenco/tagparser/v2 v2.0.0 h1:y09buUbR+b5aycVFQs/g70pqKVZNBmxwAhO7/IwNM9g=

linux/arch/PKGBUILD

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Maintainer: Hein (Warky Devs) <hein@warky.dev>
 pkgname=relspec
-pkgver=1.0.62
+pkgver=1.0.74
 pkgrel=1
 pkgdesc="RelSpec is a comprehensive database relations management tool that reads, transforms, and writes database table specifications across multiple formats and ORMs."
 arch=('x86_64' 'aarch64')

linux/centos/relspec.spec

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Name:           relspec
-Version:        1.0.62
+Version:        1.0.74
 Release:        1%{?dist}
 Summary:        RelSpec is a comprehensive database relations management tool that reads, transforms, and writes database table specifications across multiple formats and ORMs.
 

pkg/assetloader/embed.go

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+package assetloader
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+const ScriptSourcePathMetadataKey = "source_path"
+
+var (
+	embedDirectivePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)^\s*--\s*@embed:\s*(.+?)\s*$`)
+	embedAttrPattern      = regexp.MustCompile(`([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)=("[^"]*"|'[^']*'|\S+)`)
+	embedVarPattern       = regexp.MustCompile(`^:[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$`)
+)
+
+// ProcessEmbedDirectives expands SQL comments in the form:
+//
+//	-- @embed: path=... var=:... mode=text|base64
+//
+// Paths are resolved relative to sqlPath. Text mode embeds a quoted UTF-8 SQL
+// string literal. Base64 mode embeds a quoted base64 literal suitable for
+// decode(:var, 'base64').
+func ProcessEmbedDirectives(sqlPath, sql string) (string, error) {
+	directives := embedDirectivePattern.FindAllStringSubmatch(sql, -1)
+	if len(directives) == 0 {
+		return sql, nil
+	}
+
+	if sqlPath == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("sql path is required for embed directives")
+	}
+
+	result := embedDirectivePattern.ReplaceAllString(sql, "")
+	for i, directive := range directives {
+		literal, placeholder, err := embedDirectiveLiteral(sqlPath, directive[1], i+1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		if !embedPlaceholderPattern(placeholder).MatchString(result) {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: placeholder %s not found", sqlPath, i+1, placeholder)
+		}
+		result = replaceEmbedPlaceholder(result, placeholder, literal)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func embedDirectiveLiteral(sqlPath, raw string, directiveNumber int) (literal, placeholder string, err error) {
+	attrs, err := parseEmbedAttrs(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: %w", sqlPath, directiveNumber, err)
+	}
+
+	pathValue := attrs["path"]
+	varValue := attrs["var"]
+	modeValue := attrs["mode"]
+	if pathValue == "" {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: missing path", sqlPath, directiveNumber)
+	}
+	if !embedVarPattern.MatchString(varValue) {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: var must be a named placeholder like :asset", sqlPath, directiveNumber)
+	}
+	if modeValue != "text" && modeValue != "base64" {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: mode must be text or base64", sqlPath, directiveNumber)
+	}
+
+	resolved := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(sqlPath), filepath.Clean(pathValue))
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(resolved)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: reading %s: %w", sqlPath, directiveNumber, resolved, err)
+	}
+
+	switch modeValue {
+	case "text":
+		if !utf8.Valid(data) {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: %s is not valid UTF-8", sqlPath, directiveNumber, resolved)
+		}
+		literal, err := sqlStringLiteral(string(data))
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: %w", sqlPath, directiveNumber, err)
+		}
+		return literal, varValue, nil
+	case "base64":
+		literal, err := sqlStringLiteral(base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data))
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: %w", sqlPath, directiveNumber, err)
+		}
+		return literal, varValue, nil
+	default:
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s embed directive %d: mode must be text or base64", sqlPath, directiveNumber)
+	}
+}
+
+func parseEmbedAttrs(raw string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	attrs := map[string]string{}
+	matches := embedAttrPattern.FindAllStringSubmatchIndex(raw, -1)
+	if len(matches) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected path, var, and mode attributes")
+	}
+
+	lastEnd := 0
+	for _, match := range matches {
+		gap := strings.TrimSpace(raw[lastEnd:match[0]])
+		if gap != "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid attribute syntax near %q", gap)
+		}
+
+		key := raw[match[2]:match[3]]
+		value := raw[match[4]:match[5]]
+		if _, exists := attrs[key]; exists {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("duplicate attribute %q", key)
+		}
+		unquoted, err := unquoteEmbedValue(value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid %s value: %w", key, err)
+		}
+		attrs[key] = unquoted
+		lastEnd = match[1]
+	}
+	if tail := strings.TrimSpace(raw[lastEnd:]); tail != "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid attribute syntax near %q", tail)
+	}
+
+	for key := range attrs {
+		if key != "path" && key != "var" && key != "mode" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown attribute %q", key)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return attrs, nil
+}
+
+func unquoteEmbedValue(value string) (string, error) {
+	if len(value) < 2 {
+		return value, nil
+	}
+	if value[0] == '"' {
+		return strconv.Unquote(value)
+	}
+	if value[0] == '\'' && value[len(value)-1] == '\'' {
+		return value[1 : len(value)-1], nil
+	}
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+func sqlStringLiteral(value string) (string, error) {
+	if strings.ContainsRune(value, '\x00') {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("embedded text contains NUL byte")
+	}
+	return "'" + strings.ReplaceAll(value, "'", "''") + "'", nil
+}
+
+func replaceEmbedPlaceholder(sql, placeholder, literal string) string {
+	return embedPlaceholderPattern(placeholder).ReplaceAllString(sql, "${1}"+literal+"${2}")
+}
+
+func embedPlaceholderPattern(placeholder string) *regexp.Regexp {
+	return regexp.MustCompile(`(^|[^a-zA-Z0-9_:])` + regexp.QuoteMeta(placeholder) + `([^a-zA-Z0-9_]|$)`)
+}

pkg/assetloader/embed_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package assetloader
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestProcessEmbedDirectives_TextLiteralEscapesQuotes(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	sqlPath := filepath.Join(dir, "1_001_seed.sql")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "body.txt"), []byte("Line 1\nIt's fine"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	got, err := ProcessEmbedDirectives(sqlPath, `
+-- @embed: path=body.txt var=:body mode=text
+INSERT INTO notes (body) VALUES (:body);
+`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ProcessEmbedDirectives failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "VALUES ('Line 1\nIt''s fine');") {
+		t.Fatalf("embedded SQL did not contain escaped text literal:\n%s", got)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(got, "VALUES (:body);") {
+		t.Fatalf("placeholder was not replaced:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessEmbedDirectives_Base64Literal(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	sqlPath := filepath.Join(dir, "1_001_seed.sql")
+	binary := []byte{0x00, 0xff, 0x10, 0x20}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "blob.bin"), binary, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	got, err := ProcessEmbedDirectives(sqlPath, `
+-- @embed: path=blob.bin var=:payload mode=base64
+INSERT INTO files (payload) VALUES (decode(:payload, 'base64')::bytea);
+`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ProcessEmbedDirectives failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	want := "decode('" + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(binary) + "', 'base64')::bytea"
+	if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("embedded SQL did not contain base64 literal %q:\n%s", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessEmbedDirectives_RelativeToSQLFile(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	sqlDir := filepath.Join(root, "nested", "seed")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(sqlDir, "assets"), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	sqlPath := filepath.Join(sqlDir, "1_001_seed.sql")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(sqlDir, "assets", "body.txt"), []byte("relative body"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	got, err := ProcessEmbedDirectives(sqlPath, `
+-- @embed: path=assets/body.txt var=:body mode=text
+SELECT :body;
+`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ProcessEmbedDirectives failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "SELECT 'relative body';") {
+		t.Fatalf("path was not resolved relative to SQL file:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessEmbedDirectives_InvalidDirectiveAndFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	sqlPath := filepath.Join(dir, "1_001_seed.sql")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "body.txt"), []byte("ok"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "binary.txt"), []byte{0xff, 0xfe}, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		sql  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "missing mode",
+			sql:  "-- @embed: path=body.txt var=:body\nSELECT :body;",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid var",
+			sql:  "-- @embed: path=body.txt var=body mode=text\nSELECT :body;",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing file",
+			sql:  "-- @embed: path=missing.txt var=:body mode=text\nSELECT :body;",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid utf8 text",
+			sql:  "-- @embed: path=binary.txt var=:body mode=text\nSELECT :body;",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "placeholder not found",
+			sql:  "-- @embed: path=body.txt var=:body mode=text\nSELECT 1;",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unknown attribute",
+			sql:  "-- @embed: path=body.txt var=:body mode=text extra=yes\nSELECT :body;",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if _, err := ProcessEmbedDirectives(sqlPath, tt.sql); err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessEmbedDirectives_DoesNotReplacePlaceholderPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	sqlPath := filepath.Join(dir, "1_001_seed.sql")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "body.txt"), []byte("ok"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	got, err := ProcessEmbedDirectives(sqlPath, `
+-- @embed: path=body.txt var=:body mode=text
+SELECT :body, :body_extra;
+`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ProcessEmbedDirectives failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "SELECT 'ok', :body_extra;") {
+		t.Fatalf("placeholder boundary was not respected:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}

pkg/assetloader/executor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package assetloader
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+)
+
+// namedPlaceholder matches :identifier patterns (but not ::cast syntax).
+var namedPlaceholder = regexp.MustCompile(`:([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)`)
+
+// pgCastMarker temporarily replaces :: to protect PostgreSQL cast syntax.
+const pgCastMarker = "\x00PGCAST\x00"
+
+// BuildQuery converts a SQL call that uses :name named placeholders into a
+// pgx-compatible positional-parameter query ($1, $2, …) and returns the
+// corresponding argument slice.
+//
+// Built-in placeholders:
+//   - :bytes    → fileBytes ([]byte)
+//   - :filename → filename (string, base name only)
+//   - :any_key  → staticParams["any_key"] (string)
+//
+// A placeholder that appears more than once maps to the same $N. An unknown
+// placeholder (not built-in and not in staticParams) returns an error.
+// PostgreSQL cast syntax (::type) is left untouched.
+func BuildQuery(call string, fileBytes []byte, filename string, staticParams map[string]string) (query string, args []any, err error) {
+	// Protect :: casts before running the placeholder regex.
+	protected := strings.ReplaceAll(call, "::", pgCastMarker)
+
+	paramIndex := map[string]int{} // name → 1-based position
+	var firstErr error
+
+	query = namedPlaceholder.ReplaceAllStringFunc(protected, func(match string) string {
+		if firstErr != nil {
+			return match
+		}
+		name := match[1:] // strip leading ':'
+
+		// Return existing positional param for repeated placeholders.
+		if idx, seen := paramIndex[name]; seen {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("$%d", idx)
+		}
+
+		// Resolve the placeholder value.
+		var val any
+		switch name {
+		case "bytes":
+			val = fileBytes
+		case "filename":
+			val = filename
+		default:
+			if staticParams != nil {
+				if v, ok := staticParams[name]; ok {
+					val = v
+				}
+			}
+			if val == nil {
+				firstErr = fmt.Errorf("unknown placeholder %q in SQL call (not a built-in and not listed in params)", match)
+				return match
+			}
+		}
+
+		idx := len(args) + 1
+		paramIndex[name] = idx
+		args = append(args, val)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("$%d", idx)
+	})
+
+	if firstErr != nil {
+		return "", nil, firstErr
+	}
+
+	// Restore :: casts.
+	query = strings.ReplaceAll(query, pgCastMarker, "::")
+
+	return query, args, nil
+}
+
+// ExecuteItem reads the asset file referenced by item.Entry.File (which is the
+// absolute path set by ScanDir) and executes the configured SQL call via conn.
+// The file's raw bytes are bound as a []byte parameter — no encoding or escaping.
+func ExecuteItem(ctx context.Context, conn *pgx.Conn, item Item) error {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(item.Entry.File)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("reading asset file %s: %w", item.Entry.File, err)
+	}
+
+	filename := filepath.Base(item.Entry.File)
+
+	sql, args, err := BuildQuery(item.Entry.Call, data, filename, item.Entry.Params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("building query for %s: %w", filename, err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := conn.Exec(ctx, sql, args...); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("executing asset %s: %w", filename, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/assetloader/loader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Package assetloader implements a native Go asset/file loader that binds
+// local binary and text files as pgx query parameters during database seeding.
+// Files are bound as actual []byte query parameters — never converted to SQL
+// text literals — so binary data stays byte-exact and no escaping is needed.
+//
+// Manifests are small YAML files (assets.yaml) that describe, per file, the
+// SQL call to invoke and the named placeholders for :bytes, :filename, and any
+// static column values. Manifests live inside directories that follow the same
+// {priority}_{sequence}_{name} naming convention used by the sqldir reader,
+// so asset-loading steps can be interleaved with SQL scripts in a migrate-apply
+// run.
+package assetloader
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// ManifestEntry describes a single file to load from an assets.yaml manifest.
+type ManifestEntry struct {
+	// File is the path to the asset file, relative to the manifest directory.
+	File string `yaml:"file"`
+	// Call is the SQL statement to execute. Use :bytes for file content,
+	// :filename for the base name, and :param_name for static params.
+	Call string `yaml:"call"`
+	// Params holds optional static named parameters referenced in Call.
+	Params map[string]string `yaml:"params,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Item combines a manifest entry with its ordering metadata and the resolved
+// directory where the manifest and asset file reside.
+type Item struct {
+	// Priority and Sequence come from the parent directory's naming pattern.
+	Priority int
+	Sequence uint
+	// DirName is the last path component of the manifest's directory.
+	DirName string
+	// Dir is the absolute path to the directory containing assets.yaml and files.
+	Dir string
+	// Entry is the parsed manifest entry.
+	Entry ManifestEntry
+}
+
+// dirPattern matches {priority}_{sequence}_{name} or {priority}-{sequence}-{name}
+// directory names, e.g. "1_010_seed_templates" or "2-001-branding".
+var dirPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d+)[_-](\d+)[_-](.+)$`)
+
+// LoadManifest reads and parses the assets.yaml file in dir, returning
+// the ordered list of manifest entries. Returns an error if assets.yaml is
+// absent or contains invalid YAML.
+func LoadManifest(dir string) ([]ManifestEntry, error) {
+	manifestPath := filepath.Join(dir, "assets.yaml")
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(manifestPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading %s: %w", manifestPath, err)
+	}
+
+	var entries []ManifestEntry
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, &entries); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing %s: %w", manifestPath, err)
+	}
+
+	return entries, nil
+}
+
+// ScanDir recursively walks baseDir, finds all assets.yaml manifests, resolves
+// each file entry (skipping symlinks and path traversal), and returns the
+// resulting Items sorted by (Priority, Sequence, DirName).
+//
+// Each manifest must reside in a directory whose name follows the
+// {priority}_{sequence}_{name} pattern. Manifests in directories that do not
+// follow this convention are assigned Priority=0, Sequence=0 and sorted last.
+func ScanDir(baseDir string) ([]Item, error) {
+	absBase, err := filepath.Abs(baseDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolving base dir: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var items []Item
+
+	err = filepath.WalkDir(absBase, func(path string, d os.DirEntry, walkErr error) error {
+		if walkErr != nil {
+			return walkErr
+		}
+		if d.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if d.Name() != "assets.yaml" {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		manifestDir := filepath.Dir(path)
+		priority, sequence, dirName := parseDirName(filepath.Base(manifestDir))
+
+		entries, err := LoadManifest(manifestDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("loading manifest in %s: %w", manifestDir, err)
+		}
+
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			if entry.File == "" || entry.Call == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Resolve and validate the asset file path.
+			resolved, skip, err := resolveAssetPath(absBase, manifestDir, entry.File)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if skip {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			items = append(items, Item{
+				Priority: priority,
+				Sequence: sequence,
+				DirName:  dirName,
+				Dir:      manifestDir,
+				Entry: ManifestEntry{
+					File:   resolved, // absolute path, safe to read
+					Call:   entry.Call,
+					Params: entry.Params,
+				},
+			})
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sort.SliceStable(items, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if items[i].Priority != items[j].Priority {
+			return items[i].Priority < items[j].Priority
+		}
+		if items[i].Sequence != items[j].Sequence {
+			return items[i].Sequence < items[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return items[i].DirName < items[j].DirName
+	})
+
+	return items, nil
+}
+
+// parseDirName extracts (priority, sequence, name) from a directory name that
+// follows the {priority}[_-]{sequence}[_-]{name} convention. Returns (0, 0, dir)
+// when the name does not match.
+func parseDirName(dir string) (priority int, sequence uint, name string) {
+	m := dirPattern.FindStringSubmatch(dir)
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0, 0, dir
+	}
+	p, _ := strconv.Atoi(m[1])
+	s, _ := strconv.ParseUint(m[2], 10, 64)
+	return p, uint(s), m[3]
+}
+
+// resolveAssetPath resolves a manifest-relative file path and checks that:
+//   - it does not escape the base directory (path traversal prevention)
+//   - none of its path components are symlinks
+//
+// Returns the absolute path, a skip flag (true when the entry should be silently
+// dropped), and any hard error.
+func resolveAssetPath(absBase, manifestDir, file string) (absPath string, skip bool, err error) {
+	// Clean and join before any symlink resolution so we can detect traversal.
+	joined := filepath.Join(manifestDir, filepath.Clean(file))
+
+	// Ensure the cleaned path is still inside absBase.
+	rel, err := filepath.Rel(absBase, joined)
+	if err != nil || strings.HasPrefix(rel, "..") {
+		// Path escapes the base directory; skip silently.
+		return "", true, nil
+	}
+
+	// Walk each component to detect symlinks.
+	parts := strings.Split(rel, string(filepath.Separator))
+	current := absBase
+	for _, part := range parts {
+		current = filepath.Join(current, part)
+		info, statErr := os.Lstat(current)
+		if statErr != nil {
+			// File doesn't exist; skip.
+			return "", true, nil
+		}
+		if info.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink != 0 {
+			// Symlink in path; skip silently.
+			return "", true, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return joined, false, nil
+}

pkg/assetloader/loader_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+package assetloader_test
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/assetloader"
+)
+
+func TestLoadManifest_ValidList(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeFile(t, dir, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: hello.txt
+  call: INSERT INTO files (name, data) VALUES (:filename, :bytes)
+- file: logo.png
+  call: UPDATE branding SET logo = :bytes WHERE id = 1
+`)
+	writeFile(t, dir, "hello.txt", "hello world")
+	writeFile(t, dir, "logo.png", "\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
+
+	m, err := assetloader.LoadManifest(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadManifest failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(m) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 entries, got %d", len(m))
+	}
+	if m[0].File != "hello.txt" {
+		t.Errorf("entry 0 file: got %q, want %q", m[0].File, "hello.txt")
+	}
+	if m[1].File != "logo.png" {
+		t.Errorf("entry 1 file: got %q, want %q", m[1].File, "logo.png")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadManifest_WithStaticParams(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeFile(t, dir, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: template.md
+  call: INSERT INTO templates (owner_id, name, data) VALUES (:owner_id, :filename, :bytes)
+  params:
+    owner_id: "42"
+`)
+	writeFile(t, dir, "template.md", "# Template")
+
+	m, err := assetloader.LoadManifest(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadManifest failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(m) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 entry, got %d", len(m))
+	}
+	if m[0].Params["owner_id"] != "42" {
+		t.Errorf("static param owner_id: got %q, want %q", m[0].Params["owner_id"], "42")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadManifest_MissingFile(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	// No assets.yaml present
+	_, err := assetloader.LoadManifest(dir)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for missing assets.yaml, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadManifest_InvalidYAML(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeFile(t, dir, "assets.yaml", `{not: [valid yaml`)
+	_, err := assetloader.LoadManifest(dir)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for invalid YAML, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScanDir_FindsManifests(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Directory named with priority-sequence pattern
+	dir1 := filepath.Join(root, "1_010_seed_templates")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir1, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	writeFile(t, dir1, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: a.txt
+  call: INSERT INTO t (data) VALUES (:bytes)
+`)
+	writeFile(t, dir1, "a.txt", "aaa")
+
+	dir2 := filepath.Join(root, "2_001_branding")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir2, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	writeFile(t, dir2, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: logo.png
+  call: UPDATE branding SET logo = :bytes
+`)
+	writeFile(t, dir2, "logo.png", "PNG")
+
+	items, err := assetloader.ScanDir(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ScanDir failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(items) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 items, got %d", len(items))
+	}
+	// Should be ordered by priority then sequence
+	if items[0].Priority != 1 || items[0].Sequence != 10 {
+		t.Errorf("item[0]: got priority=%d seq=%d, want 1,10", items[0].Priority, items[0].Sequence)
+	}
+	if items[1].Priority != 2 || items[1].Sequence != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("item[1]: got priority=%d seq=%d, want 2,1", items[1].Priority, items[1].Sequence)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScanDir_OrdersByPriorityThenSequence(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+
+	for _, d := range []string{"2_002_b", "1_001_a", "2_001_c", "1_002_d"} {
+		dir := filepath.Join(root, d)
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		writeFile(t, dir, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: x.txt
+  call: SELECT :bytes
+`)
+		writeFile(t, dir, "x.txt", "x")
+	}
+
+	items, err := assetloader.ScanDir(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ScanDir failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(items) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 4 items, got %d", len(items))
+	}
+
+	type ps struct{ p int; s uint }
+	want := []ps{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 1}, {2, 2}}
+	for i, w := range want {
+		got := ps{items[i].Priority, items[i].Sequence}
+		if got != w {
+			t.Errorf("items[%d]: got {%d,%d}, want {%d,%d}", i, got.p, got.s, w.p, w.s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScanDir_SkipsSymlinks(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+
+	dir1 := filepath.Join(root, "1_001_real")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir1, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	writeFile(t, dir1, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: a.txt
+  call: SELECT :bytes
+`)
+	writeFile(t, dir1, "a.txt", "real")
+
+	// Symlink to an asset file - should be skipped during file read
+	realFile := filepath.Join(root, "real.txt")
+	writeFile(t, root, "real.txt", "symlink target")
+	symlink := filepath.Join(dir1, "link.txt")
+	if err := os.Symlink(realFile, symlink); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("symlinks not supported:", err)
+	}
+
+	// Add a manifest entry that references the symlink
+	writeFile(t, dir1, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: a.txt
+  call: SELECT :bytes
+- file: link.txt
+  call: SELECT :bytes
+`)
+
+	items, err := assetloader.ScanDir(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ScanDir failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	// The symlink entry should be skipped; only a.txt should remain
+	if len(items) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 item after symlink skip, got %d", len(items))
+	}
+	if filepath.Base(items[0].Entry.File) != "a.txt" {
+		t.Errorf("expected non-symlink entry, got %q", items[0].Entry.File)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScanDir_RejectsPathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+
+	dir1 := filepath.Join(root, "1_001_evil")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir1, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	writeFile(t, dir1, "assets.yaml", `
+- file: ../../etc/passwd
+  call: SELECT :bytes
+`)
+
+	items, err := assetloader.ScanDir(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ScanDir failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	// Path traversal entry should be skipped
+	if len(items) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 0 items after path traversal rejection, got %d", len(items))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildQuery_BasicPlaceholders(t *testing.T) {
+	sql, args, err := assetloader.BuildQuery(
+		"INSERT INTO t (name, data) VALUES (:filename, :bytes)",
+		[]byte("hello"),
+		"hello.txt",
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BuildQuery failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if sql != "INSERT INTO t (name, data) VALUES ($1, $2)" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected SQL: %s", sql)
+	}
+	if len(args) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 args, got %d", len(args))
+	}
+	if string(args[0].(string)) != "hello.txt" {
+		t.Errorf("args[0]: got %q, want %q", args[0], "hello.txt")
+	}
+	if string(args[1].([]byte)) != "hello" {
+		t.Errorf("args[1]: got %v, want %v", args[1], []byte("hello"))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildQuery_StaticParams(t *testing.T) {
+	sql, args, err := assetloader.BuildQuery(
+		"INSERT INTO t (owner, name, data) VALUES (:owner_id, :filename, :bytes)",
+		[]byte("data"),
+		"file.bin",
+		map[string]string{"owner_id": "99"},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BuildQuery failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if sql != "INSERT INTO t (owner, name, data) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected SQL: %s", sql)
+	}
+	if len(args) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 args, got %d: %v", len(args), args)
+	}
+	if args[0].(string) != "99" {
+		t.Errorf("args[0]: got %q, want %q", args[0], "99")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildQuery_RepeatedPlaceholder(t *testing.T) {
+	sql, args, err := assetloader.BuildQuery(
+		"SELECT length(:bytes), encode(:bytes, 'base64')",
+		[]byte("abc"),
+		"f.bin",
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BuildQuery failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	// :bytes appears twice but maps to same $1
+	if sql != "SELECT length($1), encode($1, 'base64')" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected SQL: %s", sql)
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 arg, got %d", len(args))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildQuery_PostgresCastNotMatched(t *testing.T) {
+	// ::text should NOT be treated as a placeholder
+	sql, args, err := assetloader.BuildQuery(
+		"SELECT :bytes::text, :filename",
+		[]byte("data"),
+		"f.txt",
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BuildQuery failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if sql != "SELECT $1::text, $2" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected SQL: %s", sql)
+	}
+	if len(args) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 args, got %d", len(args))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildQuery_UnknownPlaceholder(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := assetloader.BuildQuery(
+		"SELECT :unknown_param",
+		[]byte("data"),
+		"f.txt",
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown placeholder, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildQuery_BinaryFileByteExact(t *testing.T) {
+	// Binary data with null bytes, high bytes - must pass through unchanged
+	binary := []byte{0x00, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x01, 0xFE}
+	_, args, err := assetloader.BuildQuery(
+		"INSERT INTO blobs (data) VALUES (:bytes)",
+		binary,
+		"blob.bin",
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BuildQuery failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 arg")
+	}
+	got := args[0].([]byte)
+	if len(got) != len(binary) {
+		t.Fatalf("byte count: got %d, want %d", len(got), len(binary))
+	}
+	for i, b := range binary {
+		if got[i] != b {
+			t.Errorf("byte[%d]: got 0x%02x, want 0x%02x", i, got[i], b)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// writeFile is a test helper that writes content to a file.
+func writeFile(t *testing.T, dir, name, content string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, name), []byte(content), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("writeFile %s: %v", name, err)
+	}
+}

pkg/diff/diff.go

@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
 package diff
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
 )
 
+// sortedKeys returns a map's keys sorted alphabetically, so callers get a
+// deterministic iteration order instead of Go's randomized map order.
+func sortedKeys[T any](m map[string]T) []string {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(m))
+	for k := range m {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+	return keys
+}
+
 // CompareDatabases compares two database models and returns the differences
 func CompareDatabases(source, target *models.Database) *DiffResult {
 	result := &DiffResult{
@@ -34,7 +47,8 @@ func compareSchemas(source, target []*models.Schema) *SchemaDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified schemas
-	for name, srcSchema := range sourceMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(sourceMap) {
+		srcSchema := sourceMap[name]
 		if tgtSchema, exists := targetMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcSchema)
 		} else {
@@ -45,7 +59,8 @@ func compareSchemas(source, target []*models.Schema) *SchemaDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find extra schemas
-	for name, tgtSchema := range targetMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(targetMap) {
+		tgtSchema := targetMap[name]
 		if _, exists := sourceMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtSchema)
 		}
@@ -82,6 +97,13 @@ func compareSchemaDetails(source, target *models.Schema) *SchemaChange {
 		hasChanges = true
 	}
 
+	// Compare scripts
+	scriptDiff := compareScripts(source.Scripts, target.Scripts)
+	if !isEmpty(scriptDiff) {
+		change.Scripts = scriptDiff
+		hasChanges = true
+	}
+
 	if !hasChanges {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -106,7 +128,8 @@ func compareTables(source, target []*models.Table) *TableDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified tables
-	for name, srcTable := range sourceMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(sourceMap) {
+		srcTable := sourceMap[name]
 		if tgtTable, exists := targetMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcTable)
 		} else {
@@ -117,7 +140,8 @@ func compareTables(source, target []*models.Table) *TableDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find extra tables
-	for name, tgtTable := range targetMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(targetMap) {
+		tgtTable := targetMap[name]
 		if _, exists := sourceMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtTable)
 		}
@@ -176,7 +200,8 @@ func compareColumns(source, target map[string]*models.Column) *ColumnDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified columns
-	for name, srcCol := range source {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(source) {
+		srcCol := source[name]
 		if tgtCol, exists := target[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcCol)
 		} else {
@@ -192,7 +217,8 @@ func compareColumns(source, target map[string]*models.Column) *ColumnDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find extra columns
-	for name, tgtCol := range target {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(target) {
+		tgtCol := target[name]
 		if _, exists := source[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtCol)
 		}
@@ -240,7 +266,8 @@ func compareIndexes(source, target map[string]*models.Index) *IndexDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified indexes
-	for name, srcIdx := range source {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(source) {
+		srcIdx := source[name]
 		if tgtIdx, exists := target[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcIdx)
 		} else {
@@ -256,7 +283,8 @@ func compareIndexes(source, target map[string]*models.Index) *IndexDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find extra indexes
-	for name, tgtIdx := range target {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(target) {
+		tgtIdx := target[name]
 		if _, exists := source[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtIdx)
 		}
@@ -292,7 +320,8 @@ func compareConstraints(source, target map[string]*models.Constraint) *Constrain
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified constraints
-	for name, srcCon := range source {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(source) {
+		srcCon := source[name]
 		if tgtCon, exists := target[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcCon)
 		} else {
@@ -308,7 +337,8 @@ func compareConstraints(source, target map[string]*models.Constraint) *Constrain
 	}
 
 	// Find extra constraints
-	for name, tgtCon := range target {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(target) {
+		tgtCon := target[name]
 		if _, exists := source[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtCon)
 		}
@@ -350,7 +380,8 @@ func compareRelationships(source, target map[string]*models.Relationship) *Relat
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified relationships
-	for name, srcRel := range source {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(source) {
+		srcRel := source[name]
 		if tgtRel, exists := target[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcRel)
 		} else {
@@ -366,7 +397,8 @@ func compareRelationships(source, target map[string]*models.Relationship) *Relat
 	}
 
 	// Find extra relationships
-	for name, tgtRel := range target {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(target) {
+		tgtRel := target[name]
 		if _, exists := source[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtRel)
 		}
@@ -415,7 +447,8 @@ func compareViews(source, target []*models.View) *ViewDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified views
-	for name, srcView := range sourceMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(sourceMap) {
+		srcView := sourceMap[name]
 		if tgtView, exists := targetMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcView)
 		} else {
@@ -431,7 +464,8 @@ func compareViews(source, target []*models.View) *ViewDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find extra views
-	for name, tgtView := range targetMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(targetMap) {
+		tgtView := targetMap[name]
 		if _, exists := sourceMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtView)
 		}
@@ -468,7 +502,8 @@ func compareSequences(source, target []*models.Sequence) *SequenceDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find missing and modified sequences
-	for name, srcSeq := range sourceMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(sourceMap) {
+		srcSeq := sourceMap[name]
 		if tgtSeq, exists := targetMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcSeq)
 		} else {
@@ -484,7 +519,8 @@ func compareSequences(source, target []*models.Sequence) *SequenceDiff {
 	}
 
 	// Find extra sequences
-	for name, tgtSeq := range targetMap {
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(targetMap) {
+		tgtSeq := targetMap[name]
 		if _, exists := sourceMap[name]; !exists {
 			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtSeq)
 		}
@@ -515,6 +551,79 @@ func compareSequenceDetails(source, target *models.Sequence) map[string]any {
 	return changes
 }
 
+func compareScripts(source, target []*models.Script) *ScriptDiff {
+	diff := &ScriptDiff{
+		Missing:  make([]*models.Script, 0),
+		Extra:    make([]*models.Script, 0),
+		Modified: make([]*ScriptChange, 0),
+	}
+
+	sourceMap := make(map[string]*models.Script)
+	targetMap := make(map[string]*models.Script)
+
+	for _, s := range source {
+		sourceMap[scriptCompareKey(s)] = s
+	}
+	for _, s := range target {
+		targetMap[scriptCompareKey(s)] = s
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(sourceMap) {
+		srcScript := sourceMap[name]
+		if tgtScript, exists := targetMap[name]; !exists {
+			diff.Missing = append(diff.Missing, srcScript)
+		} else if changes := compareScriptDetails(srcScript, tgtScript); len(changes) > 0 {
+			diff.Modified = append(diff.Modified, &ScriptChange{
+				Name:    srcScript.Name,
+				Source:  srcScript,
+				Target:  tgtScript,
+				Changes: changes,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range sortedKeys(targetMap) {
+		tgtScript := targetMap[name]
+		if _, exists := sourceMap[name]; !exists {
+			diff.Extra = append(diff.Extra, tgtScript)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return diff
+}
+
+func scriptCompareKey(script *models.Script) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d:%d:%s", script.Priority, script.Sequence, script.SQLName())
+}
+
+func compareScriptDetails(source, target *models.Script) map[string]any {
+	changes := make(map[string]any)
+
+	if source.SQL != target.SQL {
+		changes["sql"] = map[string]string{"source": source.SQL, "target": target.SQL}
+	}
+	if source.Rollback != target.Rollback {
+		changes["rollback"] = map[string]string{"source": source.Rollback, "target": target.Rollback}
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(source.RunAfter, target.RunAfter) {
+		changes["run_after"] = map[string][]string{"source": source.RunAfter, "target": target.RunAfter}
+	}
+	if source.Schema != target.Schema {
+		changes["schema"] = map[string]string{"source": source.Schema, "target": target.Schema}
+	}
+	if source.Version != target.Version {
+		changes["version"] = map[string]string{"source": source.Version, "target": target.Version}
+	}
+	if source.Priority != target.Priority {
+		changes["priority"] = map[string]int{"source": source.Priority, "target": target.Priority}
+	}
+	if source.Sequence != target.Sequence {
+		changes["sequence"] = map[string]uint{"source": source.Sequence, "target": target.Sequence}
+	}
+
+	return changes
+}
+
 // Helper function to check if a diff is empty
 func isEmpty(v any) bool {
 	switch d := v.(type) {
@@ -532,6 +641,8 @@ func isEmpty(v any) bool {
 		return len(d.Missing) == 0 && len(d.Extra) == 0 && len(d.Modified) == 0
 	case *SequenceDiff:
 		return len(d.Missing) == 0 && len(d.Extra) == 0 && len(d.Modified) == 0
+	case *ScriptDiff:
+		return len(d.Missing) == 0 && len(d.Extra) == 0 && len(d.Modified) == 0
 	default:
 		return false
 	}
@@ -588,6 +699,11 @@ func ComputeSummary(result *DiffResult) *Summary {
 				summary.Sequences.Extra += len(schemaChange.Sequences.Extra)
 				summary.Sequences.Modified += len(schemaChange.Sequences.Modified)
 			}
+			if schemaChange.Scripts != nil {
+				summary.Scripts.Missing += len(schemaChange.Scripts.Missing)
+				summary.Scripts.Extra += len(schemaChange.Scripts.Extra)
+				summary.Scripts.Modified += len(schemaChange.Scripts.Modified)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 

pkg/diff/diff_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package diff
 
 import (
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
@@ -140,6 +141,46 @@ func TestCompareColumns(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestCompareColumns_Deterministic verifies that Missing/Extra entries are
+// always reported in the same (alphabetical) order across repeated calls,
+// instead of following Go's randomized map iteration order over the
+// source/target column maps.
+func TestCompareColumns_Deterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	source := map[string]*models.Column{
+		"zeta":  {Name: "zeta", Type: "text"},
+		"alpha": {Name: "alpha", Type: "text"},
+		"mu":    {Name: "mu", Type: "text"},
+	}
+	target := map[string]*models.Column{
+		"omega":   {Name: "omega", Type: "text"},
+		"delta":   {Name: "delta", Type: "text"},
+		"charlie": {Name: "charlie", Type: "text"},
+	}
+
+	wantMissing := []string{"alpha", "mu", "zeta"}
+	wantExtra := []string{"charlie", "delta", "omega"}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
+		got := compareColumns(source, target)
+
+		gotMissing := make([]string, len(got.Missing))
+		for j, c := range got.Missing {
+			gotMissing[j] = c.Name
+		}
+		gotExtra := make([]string, len(got.Extra))
+		for j, c := range got.Extra {
+			gotExtra[j] = c.Name
+		}
+
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotMissing, wantMissing) {
+			t.Fatalf("compareColumns() Missing = %v, want %v (run %d)", gotMissing, wantMissing, i)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotExtra, wantExtra) {
+			t.Fatalf("compareColumns() Extra = %v, want %v (run %d)", gotExtra, wantExtra, i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCompareColumnDetails(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name   string
@@ -484,6 +525,78 @@ func TestCompareSchemas(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCompareScripts(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		source []*models.Script
+		target []*models.Script
+		want   func(*ScriptDiff) bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "identical scripts",
+			source: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "CREATE TABLE users (id int);", Priority: 1, Sequence: 1}},
+			target: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "CREATE TABLE users (id int);", Priority: 1, Sequence: 1}},
+			want: func(d *ScriptDiff) bool {
+				return len(d.Missing) == 0 && len(d.Extra) == 0 && len(d.Modified) == 0
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "missing script",
+			source: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "CREATE TABLE users (id int);"}},
+			target: []*models.Script{},
+			want: func(d *ScriptDiff) bool {
+				return len(d.Missing) == 1 && d.Missing[0].Name == "create_users"
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "extra script",
+			source: []*models.Script{},
+			target: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "CREATE TABLE users (id int);"}},
+			want: func(d *ScriptDiff) bool {
+				return len(d.Extra) == 1 && d.Extra[0].Name == "create_users"
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "modified script sql",
+			source: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "CREATE TABLE users (id int);"}},
+			target: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "CREATE TABLE users (id bigint);"}},
+			want: func(d *ScriptDiff) bool {
+				return len(d.Modified) == 1 && d.Modified[0].Name == "create_users" && d.Modified[0].Changes["sql"] != nil
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "different script order is different identity",
+			source: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "SELECT 1;", Priority: 1, Sequence: 1}},
+			target: []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users", SQL: "SELECT 1;", Priority: 2, Sequence: 3}},
+			want: func(d *ScriptDiff) bool {
+				return len(d.Missing) == 1 && len(d.Extra) == 1 && len(d.Modified) == 0
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "same descriptive names remain distinct",
+			source: []*models.Script{
+				{Name: "alter_users", SQL: "SELECT 1;", Priority: 1, Sequence: 1},
+				{Name: "alter_users", SQL: "SELECT 2;", Priority: 1, Sequence: 2},
+			},
+			target: []*models.Script{
+				{Name: "alter_users", SQL: "SELECT 1;", Priority: 1, Sequence: 1},
+			},
+			want: func(d *ScriptDiff) bool {
+				return len(d.Missing) == 1 && d.Missing[0].Sequence == 2
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := compareScripts(tt.source, tt.target)
+			if !tt.want(got) {
+				t.Errorf("compareScripts() result doesn't match expectations")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestIsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
@@ -499,6 +612,8 @@ func TestIsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 		{"TableDiff with extra", &TableDiff{Missing: []*models.Table{}, Extra: []*models.Table{{Name: "users"}}, Modified: []*TableChange{}}, false},
 		{"empty ConstraintDiff", &ConstraintDiff{Missing: []*models.Constraint{}, Extra: []*models.Constraint{}, Modified: []*ConstraintChange{}}, true},
 		{"empty RelationshipDiff", &RelationshipDiff{Missing: []*models.Relationship{}, Extra: []*models.Relationship{}, Modified: []*RelationshipChange{}}, true},
+		{"empty ScriptDiff", &ScriptDiff{Missing: []*models.Script{}, Extra: []*models.Script{}, Modified: []*ScriptChange{}}, true},
+		{"ScriptDiff with modified", &ScriptDiff{Missing: []*models.Script{}, Extra: []*models.Script{}, Modified: []*ScriptChange{{Name: "create_users"}}}, false},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
@@ -545,6 +660,26 @@ func TestComputeSummary(t *testing.T) {
 				return s.Schemas.Missing == 1 && s.Schemas.Extra == 2 && s.Schemas.Modified == 1
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "scripts with differences",
+			result: &DiffResult{
+				Schemas: &SchemaDiff{
+					Modified: []*SchemaChange{
+						{
+							Name: "public",
+							Scripts: &ScriptDiff{
+								Missing:  []*models.Script{{Name: "missing_script"}},
+								Extra:    []*models.Script{{Name: "extra_script"}, {Name: "seed_data"}},
+								Modified: []*ScriptChange{{Name: "changed_script"}},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			want: func(s *Summary) bool {
+				return s.Scripts.Missing == 1 && s.Scripts.Extra == 2 && s.Scripts.Modified == 1
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {

pkg/diff/formatters.go

@@ -158,6 +158,21 @@ func formatSummary(result *DiffResult, w io.Writer) error {
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n")
 	}
 
+	// Scripts
+	if summary.Scripts.Missing > 0 || summary.Scripts.Extra > 0 || summary.Scripts.Modified > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Scripts:\n")
+		if summary.Scripts.Missing > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  Missing:  %d\n", summary.Scripts.Missing)
+		}
+		if summary.Scripts.Extra > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  Extra:    %d\n", summary.Scripts.Extra)
+		}
+		if summary.Scripts.Modified > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  Modified: %d\n", summary.Scripts.Modified)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n")
+	}
+
 	// Check if there are no differences
 	if summary.Schemas.Missing == 0 && summary.Schemas.Extra == 0 && summary.Schemas.Modified == 0 &&
 		summary.Tables.Missing == 0 && summary.Tables.Extra == 0 && summary.Tables.Modified == 0 &&
@@ -166,7 +181,8 @@ func formatSummary(result *DiffResult, w io.Writer) error {
 		summary.Constraints.Missing == 0 && summary.Constraints.Extra == 0 && summary.Constraints.Modified == 0 &&
 		summary.Relationships.Missing == 0 && summary.Relationships.Extra == 0 && summary.Relationships.Modified == 0 &&
 		summary.Views.Missing == 0 && summary.Views.Extra == 0 && summary.Views.Modified == 0 &&
-		summary.Sequences.Missing == 0 && summary.Sequences.Extra == 0 && summary.Sequences.Modified == 0 {
+		summary.Sequences.Missing == 0 && summary.Sequences.Extra == 0 && summary.Sequences.Modified == 0 &&
+		summary.Scripts.Missing == 0 && summary.Scripts.Extra == 0 && summary.Scripts.Modified == 0 {
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, "No differences found.\n")
 	}
 
@@ -448,6 +464,26 @@ const htmlTemplate = `<!DOCTYPE html>
                 </div>
             </div>
             {{end}}
+
+            {{if or .Summary.Scripts.Missing .Summary.Scripts.Extra .Summary.Scripts.Modified}}
+            <div class="summary-item">
+                <h3>Scripts</h3>
+                <div class="count-group">
+                    <div class="count">
+                        <span class="count-label">Missing</span>
+                        <span class="count-value missing">{{.Summary.Scripts.Missing}}</span>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="count">
+                        <span class="count-label">Extra</span>
+                        <span class="count-value extra">{{.Summary.Scripts.Extra}}</span>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="count">
+                        <span class="count-label">Modified</span>
+                        <span class="count-value modified">{{.Summary.Scripts.Modified}}</span>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            {{end}}
         </div>
     </div>
 
@@ -588,6 +624,35 @@ const htmlTemplate = `<!DOCTYPE html>
                 </ul>
                 {{end}}
             {{end}}
+
+            {{if .Scripts}}
+                {{if .Scripts.Missing}}
+                <h4>Missing Scripts</h4>
+                <ul class="item-list">
+                    {{range .Scripts.Missing}}
+                    <li class="missing">{{.Name}}</li>
+                    {{end}}
+                </ul>
+                {{end}}
+
+                {{if .Scripts.Extra}}
+                <h4>Extra Scripts</h4>
+                <ul class="item-list">
+                    {{range .Scripts.Extra}}
+                    <li class="extra">{{.Name}}</li>
+                    {{end}}
+                </ul>
+                {{end}}
+
+                {{if .Scripts.Modified}}
+                <h4>Modified Scripts</h4>
+                <ul class="item-list">
+                    {{range .Scripts.Modified}}
+                    <li class="modified">{{.Name}}</li>
+                    {{end}}
+                </ul>
+                {{end}}
+            {{end}}
         </div>
         {{end}}
     </div>

pkg/diff/formatters_test.go

@@ -104,6 +104,26 @@ func TestFormatSummary(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			wantStr: []string{"Tables:", "Missing:  1", "Extra:    1", "Modified: 1"},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "with script differences",
+			result: &DiffResult{
+				Source: "source",
+				Target: "target",
+				Schemas: &SchemaDiff{
+					Modified: []*SchemaChange{
+						{
+							Name: "public",
+							Scripts: &ScriptDiff{
+								Missing:  []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users"}},
+								Extra:    []*models.Script{{Name: "seed_users"}},
+								Modified: []*ScriptChange{{Name: "add_indexes"}},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantStr: []string{"Scripts:", "Missing:  1", "Extra:    1", "Modified: 1"},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
@@ -237,6 +257,31 @@ func TestFormatHTML(t *testing.T) {
 				"text",
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "with script modifications",
+			result: &DiffResult{
+				Source: "source",
+				Target: "target",
+				Schemas: &SchemaDiff{
+					Modified: []*SchemaChange{
+						{
+							Name: "public",
+							Scripts: &ScriptDiff{
+								Missing:  []*models.Script{{Name: "create_users"}},
+								Extra:    []*models.Script{{Name: "seed_users"}},
+								Modified: []*ScriptChange{{Name: "add_indexes"}},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantStr: []string{
+				"Scripts",
+				"create_users",
+				"seed_users",
+				"add_indexes",
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {

pkg/diff/types.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ type SchemaChange struct {
 	Tables    *TableDiff    `json:"tables,omitempty"`
 	Views     *ViewDiff     `json:"views,omitempty"`
 	Sequences *SequenceDiff `json:"sequences,omitempty"`
+	Scripts   *ScriptDiff   `json:"scripts,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // TableDiff represents differences in tables
@@ -131,6 +132,21 @@ type SequenceChange struct {
 	Changes map[string]any   `json:"changes"`
 }
 
+// ScriptDiff represents differences in migration scripts.
+type ScriptDiff struct {
+	Missing  []*models.Script `json:"missing"`  // Scripts in source but not in target
+	Extra    []*models.Script `json:"extra"`    // Scripts in target but not in source
+	Modified []*ScriptChange  `json:"modified"` // Scripts that exist in both but differ
+}
+
+// ScriptChange represents a modified migration script.
+type ScriptChange struct {
+	Name    string         `json:"name"`
+	Source  *models.Script `json:"source"`
+	Target  *models.Script `json:"target"`
+	Changes map[string]any `json:"changes"`
+}
+
 // Summary provides counts for quick overview
 type Summary struct {
 	Schemas       SchemaSummary       `json:"schemas"`
@@ -141,6 +157,7 @@ type Summary struct {
 	Relationships RelationshipSummary `json:"relationships"`
 	Views         ViewSummary         `json:"views"`
 	Sequences     SequenceSummary     `json:"sequences"`
+	Scripts       ScriptSummary       `json:"scripts"`
 }
 
 type SchemaSummary struct {
@@ -190,3 +207,9 @@ type SequenceSummary struct {
 	Extra    int `json:"extra"`
 	Modified int `json:"modified"`
 }
+
+type ScriptSummary struct {
+	Missing  int `json:"missing"`
+	Extra    int `json:"extra"`
+	Modified int `json:"modified"`
+}

pkg/inspector/inspector.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package inspector
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"time"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
@@ -54,8 +55,15 @@ func NewInspector(db *models.Database, config *Config) *Inspector {
 func (i *Inspector) Inspect() (*InspectorReport, error) {
 	results := []ValidationResult{}
 
-	// Run all enabled validators
-	for ruleName, rule := range i.config.Rules {
+	// Run all enabled validators in deterministic (alphabetical) rule-name order
+	ruleNames := make([]string, 0, len(i.config.Rules))
+	for ruleName := range i.config.Rules {
+		ruleNames = append(ruleNames, ruleName)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(ruleNames)
+
+	for _, ruleName := range ruleNames {
+		rule := i.config.Rules[ruleName]
 		if !rule.IsEnabled() {
 			continue
 		}

pkg/inspector/inspector_test.go

@@ -51,6 +51,45 @@ func TestInspect(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestInspect_Deterministic verifies that repeated Inspect() calls against
+// the same database and config produce violations in the same order, instead
+// of following Go's randomized map iteration order over config.Rules and the
+// per-table Columns/Constraints/Indexes maps.
+func TestInspect_Deterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	db := createTestDatabase()
+	config := GetDefaultConfig()
+
+	inspector := NewInspector(db, config)
+
+	first, err := inspector.Inspect()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Inspect() returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	wantOrder := make([]string, len(first.Violations))
+	for i, v := range first.Violations {
+		wantOrder[i] = v.RuleName + "|" + v.Location
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
+		report, err := inspector.Inspect()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Inspect() returned error on run %d: %v", i, err)
+		}
+
+		if len(report.Violations) != len(wantOrder) {
+			t.Fatalf("run %d: got %d violations, want %d", i, len(report.Violations), len(wantOrder))
+		}
+
+		for j, v := range report.Violations {
+			got := v.RuleName + "|" + v.Location
+			if got != wantOrder[j] {
+				t.Fatalf("run %d: violation[%d] = %q, want %q", i, j, got, wantOrder[j])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestInspectWithDisabledRules(t *testing.T) {
 	db := createTestDatabase()
 	config := GetDefaultConfig()

pkg/inspector/report.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -199,12 +200,18 @@ func (f *MarkdownFormatter) formatContext(context map[string]interface{}) string
 		"column": true,
 	}
 
-	for key, value := range context {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(context))
+	for key := range context {
+		keys = append(keys, key)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	for _, key := range keys {
 		if skipKeys[key] {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%v", key, value))
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%v", key, context[key]))
 	}
 
 	return strings.Join(parts, ", ")

pkg/inspector/validators.go

@@ -2,12 +2,54 @@ package inspector
 
 import (
 	"regexp"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/pgsql"
 )
 
+// sortedKeys returns a map's keys sorted alphabetically, so validators report
+// violations in a deterministic order instead of Go's randomized map order.
+func sortedKeys[T any](m map[string]T) []string {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(m))
+	for k := range m {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+	return keys
+}
+
+// sortColumns returns columns sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortColumns(columns map[string]*models.Column) []*models.Column {
+	result := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(columns))
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		result = append(result, col)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortConstraints returns constraints sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constraint {
+	result := make([]*models.Constraint, 0, len(constraints))
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		result = append(result, c)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
 // validatePrimaryKeyNaming checks that primary key column names match a pattern
 func validatePrimaryKeyNaming(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string) []ValidationResult {
 	results := []ValidationResult{}
@@ -18,7 +60,7 @@ func validatePrimaryKeyNaming(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string) [
 
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, col := range table.Columns {
+			for _, col := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 				if col.IsPrimaryKey {
 					location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name)
 					passed := pattern.MatchString(col.Name)
@@ -49,7 +91,7 @@ func validatePrimaryKeyDatatype(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string)
 
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, col := range table.Columns {
+			for _, col := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 				if col.IsPrimaryKey {
 					location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name)
 
@@ -84,7 +126,7 @@ func validatePrimaryKeyAutoIncrement(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName st
 
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, col := range table.Columns {
+			for _, col := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 				if col.IsPrimaryKey {
 					location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name)
 
@@ -125,7 +167,7 @@ func validateForeignKeyColumnNaming(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName str
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
 			// Check foreign key constraints
-			for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+			for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 				if constraint.Type == models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 					for _, colName := range constraint.Columns {
 						location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, colName)
@@ -163,7 +205,7 @@ func validateForeignKeyConstraintNaming(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName
 
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+			for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 				if constraint.Type == models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 					location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, "")
 					passed := pattern.MatchString(constraint.Name)
@@ -209,7 +251,7 @@ func validateForeignKeyIndex(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string) []
 			}
 
 			// Check if each FK column has an index
-			for fkCol := range fkColumns {
+			for _, fkCol := range sortedKeys(fkColumns) {
 				hasIndex := false
 
 				// Check table indexes
@@ -282,7 +324,7 @@ func validateColumnNamingCase(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string) [
 
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, col := range table.Columns {
+			for _, col := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 				location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name)
 				passed := pattern.MatchString(col.Name)
 
@@ -339,7 +381,7 @@ func validateColumnNameLength(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string) [
 
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, col := range table.Columns {
+			for _, col := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 				location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name)
 				passed := len(col.Name) <= rule.MaxLength
 
@@ -396,7 +438,7 @@ func validateReservedKeywords(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string) [
 
 			// Check column names
 			if rule.CheckColumns {
-				for _, col := range table.Columns {
+				for _, col := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 					location := formatLocation(schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name)
 					passed := !keywords[strings.ToUpper(col.Name)]
 
@@ -479,7 +521,7 @@ func validateOrphanedForeignKey(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string)
 	// Check all foreign key constraints
 	for _, schema := range db.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+			for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 				if constraint.Type == models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 					// Build referenced table key
 					refSchema := constraint.ReferencedSchema
@@ -522,7 +564,7 @@ func validateCircularDependency(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string)
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
 			tableKey := schema.Name + "." + table.Name
 
-			for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+			for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 				if constraint.Type == models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 					refSchema := constraint.ReferencedSchema
 					if refSchema == "" {
@@ -537,7 +579,7 @@ func validateCircularDependency(db *models.Database, rule Rule, ruleName string)
 	}
 
 	// Check for cycles using DFS
-	for tableKey := range dependencies {
+	for _, tableKey := range sortedKeys(dependencies) {
 		visited := make(map[string]bool)
 		recStack := make(map[string]bool)
 

pkg/merge/merge.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package merge
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -156,8 +157,17 @@ func (r *MergeResult) mergeColumns(table *models.Table, srcTable *models.Table)
 		existingColumns[colName] = table.Columns[colName]
 	}
 
-	// Merge columns
-	for colName, srcCol := range srcTable.Columns {
+	// Merge columns in deterministic (alphabetical) order so that, when a
+	// TypeConflicts entry is recorded, its position in the report doesn't
+	// depend on Go's randomized map iteration order.
+	srcColNames := make([]string, 0, len(srcTable.Columns))
+	for colName := range srcTable.Columns {
+		srcColNames = append(srcColNames, colName)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(srcColNames)
+
+	for _, colName := range srcColNames {
+		srcCol := srcTable.Columns[colName]
 		if tgtCol, exists := existingColumns[colName]; !exists {
 			// Column doesn't exist, add it
 			newCol := cloneColumn(srcCol)
@@ -482,7 +492,12 @@ func extractTypeParts(col *models.Column) (baseType string, length, precision, s
 		}
 	}
 
-	typeName = pgsql.NormalizePGType(typeName)
+	// serial/bigserial/smallserial are sugar over an integer column plus a
+	// sequence default; PostgreSQL itself reports the underlying integer
+	// type back for such columns, so treat them as equivalent here to avoid
+	// spurious conflicts between a DBML "bigserial" source and a live-read
+	// "bigint" target (or vice versa).
+	typeName = pgsql.SerialUnderlyingType(typeName)
 
 	return typeName, length, precision, scale
 }

pkg/merge/merge_test.go

@@ -196,6 +196,50 @@ func TestMergeColumns_TypeConflictIsDetected(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestMergeColumns_SerialVsUnderlyingIntegerIsNotAConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	target := &models.Database{
+		Schemas: []*models.Schema{
+			{
+				Name: "public",
+				Tables: []*models.Table{
+					{
+						Name:   "users",
+						Schema: "public",
+						Columns: map[string]*models.Column{
+							// As reported back by a live PostgreSQL read of an
+							// existing serial primary key column.
+							"id": {Name: "id", Type: "bigint"},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	source := &models.Database{
+		Schemas: []*models.Schema{
+			{
+				Name: "public",
+				Tables: []*models.Table{
+					{
+						Name:   "users",
+						Schema: "public",
+						Columns: map[string]*models.Column{
+							// As declared in a DBML source spec.
+							"id": {Name: "id", Type: "bigserial"},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := MergeDatabases(target, source, nil)
+
+	if len(result.TypeConflicts) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected no type conflicts for bigserial vs bigint, got %d: %+v", len(result.TypeConflicts), result.TypeConflicts)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestMergeConstraints_NewConstraint(t *testing.T) {
 	target := &models.Database{
 		Schemas: []*models.Schema{

pkg/models/flatview.go

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package models
 
-import "fmt"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+)
 
 // Flat/Denormalized Views
 //
@@ -56,6 +59,10 @@ func (d *Database) ToFlatColumns() []*FlatColumn {
 		}
 	}
 
+	sort.Slice(flatColumns, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return flatColumns[i].FullyQualifiedName < flatColumns[j].FullyQualifiedName
+	})
+
 	return flatColumns
 }
 
@@ -148,6 +155,10 @@ func (d *Database) ToFlatConstraints() []*FlatConstraint {
 		}
 	}
 
+	sort.Slice(flatConstraints, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return flatConstraints[i].FullyQualifiedName < flatConstraints[j].FullyQualifiedName
+	})
+
 	return flatConstraints
 }
 
@@ -198,5 +209,16 @@ func (d *Database) ToFlatRelationships() []*FlatRelationship {
 		}
 	}
 
+	sort.Slice(flatRelationships, func(i, j int) bool {
+		a, b := flatRelationships[i], flatRelationships[j]
+		if a.FromFQN != b.FromFQN {
+			return a.FromFQN < b.FromFQN
+		}
+		if a.RelationshipName != b.RelationshipName {
+			return a.RelationshipName < b.RelationshipName
+		}
+		return a.ToFQN < b.ToFQN
+	})
+
 	return flatRelationships
 }

pkg/models/models.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 package models
 
 import (
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -141,15 +142,28 @@ func (d *Table) SQLName() string {
 
 // GetPrimaryKey returns the primary key column for the table, or nil if none exists.
 func (m Table) GetPrimaryKey() *Column {
+	var pk *Column
 	for _, column := range m.Columns {
-		if column.IsPrimaryKey {
-			return column
+		if !column.IsPrimaryKey {
+			continue
+		}
+		if pk == nil || columnLess(column, pk) {
+			pk = column
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+	return pk
 }
 
-// GetForeignKeys returns all foreign key constraints for the table.
+// columnLess reports whether a should sort before b, by Sequence then Name.
+func columnLess(a, b *Column) bool {
+	if a.Sequence > 0 && b.Sequence > 0 {
+		return a.Sequence < b.Sequence
+	}
+	return a.Name < b.Name
+}
+
+// GetForeignKeys returns all foreign key constraints for the table, sorted
+// deterministically by Sequence then Name.
 func (m Table) GetForeignKeys() []*Constraint {
 	keys := make([]*Constraint, 0)
 
@@ -158,6 +172,12 @@ func (m Table) GetForeignKeys() []*Constraint {
 			keys = append(keys, c)
 		}
 	}
+	sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if keys[i].Sequence > 0 && keys[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return keys[i].Sequence < keys[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return keys[i].Name < keys[j].Name
+	})
 	return keys
 }
 
@@ -350,16 +370,17 @@ const (
 // Script represents a database migration or initialization script.
 // Scripts can have dependencies and rollback capabilities.
 type Script struct {
-	Name        string   `json:"name" yaml:"name" xml:"name"`
-	Description string   `json:"description" yaml:"description" xml:"description"`
-	SQL         string   `json:"sql" yaml:"sql" xml:"sql"`
-	Rollback    string   `json:"rollback,omitempty" yaml:"rollback,omitempty" xml:"rollback,omitempty"`
-	RunAfter    []string `json:"run_after,omitempty" yaml:"run_after,omitempty" xml:"run_after,omitempty"`
-	Schema      string   `json:"schema,omitempty" yaml:"schema,omitempty" xml:"schema,omitempty"`
-	Version     string   `json:"version,omitempty" yaml:"version,omitempty" xml:"version,omitempty"`
-	Priority    int      `json:"priority,omitempty" yaml:"priority,omitempty" xml:"priority,omitempty"`
-	Sequence    uint     `json:"sequence,omitempty" yaml:"sequence,omitempty" xml:"sequence,omitempty"`
-	GUID        string   `json:"guid" yaml:"guid" xml:"guid"`
+	Name        string         `json:"name" yaml:"name" xml:"name"`
+	Description string         `json:"description" yaml:"description" xml:"description"`
+	SQL         string         `json:"sql" yaml:"sql" xml:"sql"`
+	Rollback    string         `json:"rollback,omitempty" yaml:"rollback,omitempty" xml:"rollback,omitempty"`
+	RunAfter    []string       `json:"run_after,omitempty" yaml:"run_after,omitempty" xml:"run_after,omitempty"`
+	Schema      string         `json:"schema,omitempty" yaml:"schema,omitempty" xml:"schema,omitempty"`
+	Version     string         `json:"version,omitempty" yaml:"version,omitempty" xml:"version,omitempty"`
+	Priority    int            `json:"priority,omitempty" yaml:"priority,omitempty" xml:"priority,omitempty"`
+	Sequence    uint           `json:"sequence,omitempty" yaml:"sequence,omitempty" xml:"sequence,omitempty"`
+	GUID        string         `json:"guid" yaml:"guid" xml:"guid"`
+	Metadata    map[string]any `json:"metadata,omitempty" yaml:"metadata,omitempty" xml:"-"`
 }
 
 // SQLName returns the script name in lowercase for SQL compatibility.
@@ -468,6 +489,7 @@ func InitScript(name string) *Script {
 	return &Script{
 		Name:     name,
 		RunAfter: make([]string, 0),
+		Metadata: make(map[string]any),
 		GUID:     uuid.New().String(),
 	}
 }

pkg/pgsql/datatypes.go

@@ -193,6 +193,28 @@ func IsKnownPGBaseType(baseType string) bool {
 	return ok
 }
 
+// serialUnderlyingType maps each serial pseudo-type to the integer type
+// PostgreSQL actually stores the column as. serial/bigserial/smallserial are
+// not real types: they are sugar for an integer column plus a sequence
+// default, and pg_catalog (and information_schema) always reports the
+// underlying integer type back for such columns.
+var serialUnderlyingType = map[string]string{
+	"serial":      "integer",
+	"bigserial":   "bigint",
+	"smallserial": "smallint",
+}
+
+// SerialUnderlyingType returns the underlying integer type for a serial
+// pseudo-type (e.g. "bigserial" -> "bigint"). If baseType (after
+// NormalizePGType) is not a serial type, it is returned unchanged.
+func SerialUnderlyingType(baseType string) string {
+	normalized := NormalizePGType(baseType)
+	if underlying, ok := serialUnderlyingType[normalized]; ok {
+		return underlying
+	}
+	return normalized
+}
+
 func IsGoType(pTypeName string) bool {
 	for k := range GoToStdTypes {
 		if strings.EqualFold(pTypeName, k) {

pkg/pgsql/extensions.go

@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+package pgsql
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Extension describes a PostgreSQL extension RelSpec recognizes, along with the schema
+// artefacts that imply it: the types it provides (declared on TypeSpec.Extension), the
+// index access methods and operator classes it installs, and the functions whose use in a
+// default, check constraint, index predicate, or view body requires it.
+type Extension struct {
+	Name        string
+	Category    string
+	Description string
+
+	// Requires lists extensions that must be created before this one.
+	Requires []string
+
+	// IndexMethods are access methods usable as Index.Type.
+	IndexMethods []string
+
+	// OperatorClasses are operator classes the extension installs.
+	OperatorClasses []string
+
+	// Functions are function names whose use implies the extension.
+	Functions []string
+
+	// FunctionPrefixes match whole families of functions (e.g. "st_" for PostGIS).
+	FunctionPrefixes []string
+}
+
+// postgresExtensions is the set of extensions RelSpec knows how to detect and emit.
+var postgresExtensions = map[string]Extension{
+	"amcheck": {
+		Name: "amcheck", Category: "integrity",
+		Description: "Verifies B-tree and related structure consistency to help detect corruption.",
+		Functions:   []string{"bt_index_check", "bt_index_parent_check", "verify_heapam"},
+	},
+	"btree_gin": {
+		Name: "btree_gin", Category: "indexing",
+		Description: "Adds GIN operator classes for common scalar data types.",
+	},
+	"btree_gist": {
+		Name: "btree_gist", Category: "indexing",
+		Description: "Adds GiST operator classes for common scalar data types and exclusion constraints.",
+	},
+	"citext": {
+		Name: "citext", Category: "text",
+		Description: "Provides case-insensitive text columns and operators.",
+		Functions:   []string{"citext"},
+	},
+	"fuzzystrmatch": {
+		Name: "fuzzystrmatch", Category: "text",
+		Description: "Adds phonetic and fuzzy matching helpers like Soundex and Levenshtein.",
+		Functions: []string{
+			"soundex", "difference", "levenshtein", "levenshtein_less_equal",
+			"metaphone", "dmetaphone", "dmetaphone_alt",
+		},
+	},
+	"hstore": {
+		Name: "hstore", Category: "document",
+		Description:     "Adds a lightweight key/value data type for semi-structured attributes.",
+		OperatorClasses: []string{"gin_hstore_ops", "gist_hstore_ops", "hash_hstore_ops", "btree_hstore_ops"},
+		Functions: []string{
+			"hstore", "akeys", "avals", "skeys", "svals",
+			"hstore_to_json", "hstore_to_jsonb", "hstore_to_array", "hstore_to_matrix",
+		},
+	},
+	"http": {
+		Name: "http", Category: "integration",
+		Description: "Lets SQL functions make outbound HTTP requests.",
+		Functions: []string{
+			"http", "http_get", "http_post", "http_put", "http_patch", "http_delete",
+			"http_head", "urlencode",
+		},
+	},
+	"pg_background": {
+		Name: "pg_background", Category: "jobs",
+		Description: "Runs SQL asynchronously in PostgreSQL background workers.",
+		Functions:   []string{"pg_background_launch", "pg_background_result", "pg_background_detach"},
+	},
+	"pg_cron": {
+		Name: "pg_cron", Category: "scheduling",
+		Description:      "Schedules recurring SQL jobs inside PostgreSQL.",
+		FunctionPrefixes: []string{"cron."},
+	},
+	"pg_jsonschema": {
+		Name: "pg_jsonschema", Category: "validation",
+		Description: "Validates json and jsonb values against JSON Schema.",
+		Functions:   []string{"json_matches_schema", "jsonb_matches_schema", "jsonschema_is_valid"},
+	},
+	"pg_partman": {
+		Name: "pg_partman", Category: "partitioning",
+		Description:      "Automates time-based and serial-based partition management.",
+		FunctionPrefixes: []string{"partman."},
+	},
+	"pg_qualstats": {
+		Name: "pg_qualstats", Category: "observability",
+		Description: "Tracks predicate usage in WHERE and JOIN clauses for tuning and index advice.",
+	},
+	"pg_repack": {
+		Name: "pg_repack", Category: "maintenance",
+		Description: "Rebuilds bloated tables and indexes online with minimal locking.",
+	},
+	"pg_search": {
+		Name: "pg_search", Category: "search",
+		Description: "Provides ParadeDB full-text and relevance search features.",
+		// bm25 is also the access method name used by pg_textsearch; pg_search is the
+		// canonical provider, so a bm25 index resolves to it.
+		IndexMethods:     []string{"bm25"},
+		FunctionPrefixes: []string{"paradedb."},
+	},
+	"pg_stat_statements": {
+		Name: "pg_stat_statements", Category: "observability",
+		Description: "Tracks normalized query execution statistics.",
+	},
+	"pg_textsearch": {
+		Name: "pg_textsearch", Category: "search",
+		Description: "Adds BM25-style text search support.",
+	},
+	"pg_trgm": {
+		Name: "pg_trgm", Category: "text",
+		Description:     "Adds trigram similarity search and fast fuzzy matching indexes.",
+		OperatorClasses: []string{"gin_trgm_ops", "gist_trgm_ops"},
+		Functions: []string{
+			"similarity", "word_similarity", "strict_word_similarity",
+			"show_trgm", "show_limit", "set_limit",
+		},
+	},
+	"pgcrypto": {
+		Name: "pgcrypto", Category: "security",
+		Description: "Adds hashing, encryption, random bytes, and UUID helpers.",
+		// gen_random_uuid is deliberately absent: it is built in since PostgreSQL 13.
+		Functions: []string{
+			"crypt", "gen_salt", "gen_random_bytes", "digest", "hmac",
+			"pgp_sym_encrypt", "pgp_sym_decrypt", "pgp_pub_encrypt", "pgp_pub_decrypt",
+			"armor", "dearmor",
+		},
+	},
+	"pgrouting": {
+		Name: "pgrouting", Category: "geospatial",
+		Description:      "Adds routing and graph algorithms on top of PostGIS data.",
+		Requires:         []string{"postgis"},
+		FunctionPrefixes: []string{"pgr_"},
+	},
+	"pgstattuple": {
+		Name: "pgstattuple", Category: "maintenance",
+		Description: "Reports table and index tuple density and bloat information.",
+		Functions:   []string{"pgstattuple", "pgstatindex", "pgstatginindex", "pg_relpages"},
+	},
+	"plpython3u": {
+		Name: "plpython3u", Category: "procedural",
+		Description: "Lets you write PostgreSQL functions in Python 3.",
+	},
+	"postgis": {
+		Name: "postgis", Category: "geospatial",
+		Description:  "Adds spatial data types, functions, and indexes.",
+		IndexMethods: nil, // uses the built-in gist/spgist/brin access methods
+		OperatorClasses: []string{
+			"gist_geometry_ops_2d", "gist_geometry_ops_nd", "gist_geography_ops",
+			"spgist_geometry_ops_2d", "spgist_geometry_ops_3d", "spgist_geometry_ops_nd",
+			"brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_2d", "brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_3d",
+			"brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_4d", "brin_geography_inclusion_ops_2d",
+			"btree_geometry_ops", "btree_geography_ops",
+		},
+		FunctionPrefixes: []string{"st_"},
+		Functions: []string{
+			"geometrytype", "addgeometrycolumn", "dropgeometrycolumn", "updategeometrysrid",
+			"find_srid", "postgis_version", "postgis_full_version",
+		},
+	},
+	"postgis_raster": {
+		Name: "postgis_raster", Category: "geospatial",
+		Description: "Adds the raster type and raster analysis functions.",
+		Requires:    []string{"postgis"},
+	},
+	"postgis_topology": {
+		Name: "postgis_topology", Category: "geospatial",
+		Description:      "Adds topology-aware spatial models and validation tools.",
+		Requires:         []string{"postgis"},
+		FunctionPrefixes: []string{"topology."},
+	},
+	"postgres_fdw": {
+		Name: "postgres_fdw", Category: "federation",
+		Description: "Connects PostgreSQL tables to other PostgreSQL servers.",
+	},
+	"timescaledb": {
+		Name: "timescaledb", Category: "time-series",
+		Description: "Adds hypertables, compression, retention, and time-series optimizations.",
+		Functions: []string{
+			"create_hypertable", "add_dimension", "time_bucket", "time_bucket_gapfill",
+			"add_retention_policy", "add_compression_policy", "locf", "interpolate",
+		},
+	},
+	"unaccent": {
+		Name: "unaccent", Category: "text",
+		Description: "Removes accents and diacritics for normalized text search.",
+		Functions:   []string{"unaccent"},
+	},
+	"uuid-ossp": {
+		Name: "uuid-ossp", Category: "utility",
+		Description: "Generates UUIDs using several algorithms.",
+		Functions: []string{
+			"uuid_generate_v1", "uuid_generate_v1mc", "uuid_generate_v3",
+			"uuid_generate_v4", "uuid_generate_v5",
+			"uuid_nil", "uuid_ns_dns", "uuid_ns_url", "uuid_ns_oid", "uuid_ns_x500",
+		},
+	},
+	"vector": {
+		Name: "vector", Category: "ai/search",
+		Description:  "Adds vector data types and similarity search for embeddings.",
+		IndexMethods: []string{"hnsw", "ivfflat"},
+		OperatorClasses: []string{
+			"vector_l2_ops", "vector_ip_ops", "vector_cosine_ops", "vector_l1_ops",
+			"halfvec_l2_ops", "halfvec_ip_ops", "halfvec_cosine_ops", "halfvec_l1_ops",
+			"sparsevec_l2_ops", "sparsevec_ip_ops", "sparsevec_cosine_ops", "sparsevec_l1_ops",
+			"bit_hamming_ops", "bit_jaccard_ops",
+		},
+		Functions: []string{"l2_distance", "inner_product", "cosine_distance", "l1_distance", "vector_dims", "vector_norm"},
+	},
+	"vchord": {
+		Name: "vchord", Category: "ai/search",
+		Description:  "Adds VectorChord scalable disk-friendly vector indexes compatible with pgvector data types.",
+		Requires:     []string{"vector"},
+		IndexMethods: []string{"vchordrq", "vchordg"},
+	},
+	"ltree": {
+		Name: "ltree", Category: "document",
+		Description:     "Adds a hierarchical label tree type.",
+		OperatorClasses: []string{"gist_ltree_ops", "gin_ltree_ops", "gist__ltree_ops"},
+		Functions:       []string{"subltree", "subpath", "nlevel", "lca", "ltree2text", "text2ltree"},
+	},
+}
+
+// extensionIndexMethods maps an index access method to the extension providing it.
+var extensionIndexMethods = buildExtensionIndex(func(ext Extension) []string { return ext.IndexMethods })
+
+// extensionOperatorClasses maps an operator class to the extension providing it.
+var extensionOperatorClasses = buildExtensionIndex(func(ext Extension) []string { return ext.OperatorClasses })
+
+// extensionFunctions maps a function name to the extension providing it.
+var extensionFunctions = buildExtensionIndex(func(ext Extension) []string { return ext.Functions })
+
+// extensionFunctionPrefixes maps a function name prefix to the extension providing it.
+var extensionFunctionPrefixes = buildExtensionIndex(func(ext Extension) []string { return ext.FunctionPrefixes })
+
+func buildExtensionIndex(keys func(Extension) []string) map[string]string {
+	index := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, ext := range postgresExtensions {
+		for _, key := range keys(ext) {
+			// Deterministic on collision: the alphabetically first extension wins.
+			if existing, ok := index[key]; ok && existing < ext.Name {
+				continue
+			}
+			index[key] = ext.Name
+		}
+	}
+	return index
+}
+
+// LookupExtension returns the registered extension by name.
+func LookupExtension(name string) (Extension, bool) {
+	ext, ok := postgresExtensions[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(name))]
+	return ext, ok
+}
+
+// IsKnownExtension reports whether the named extension is registered.
+func IsKnownExtension(name string) bool {
+	_, ok := LookupExtension(name)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// GetExtensions returns every registered extension name, sorted.
+func GetExtensions() []string {
+	names := make([]string, 0, len(postgresExtensions))
+	for name := range postgresExtensions {
+		names = append(names, name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	return names
+}
+
+// IndexMethodExtension returns the extension providing an index access method
+// ("hnsw" -> "vector", "vchordrq" -> "vchord"). Built-in methods return "".
+func IndexMethodExtension(method string) string {
+	return extensionIndexMethods[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(method))]
+}
+
+// OperatorClassExtension returns the extension providing an operator class
+// ("gin_trgm_ops" -> "pg_trgm"). Built-in operator classes return "".
+func OperatorClassExtension(opClass string) string {
+	return extensionOperatorClasses[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(opClass))]
+}
+
+// ExtensionsForExpression returns the extensions whose functions appear in a SQL
+// expression such as a column default, check constraint, index predicate, or view body.
+// The result is sorted and deduplicated.
+func ExtensionsForExpression(expression string) []string {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(expression) == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	lower := strings.ToLower(expression)
+	found := make(map[string]bool)
+
+	for _, call := range sqlFunctionCalls(lower) {
+		if ext, ok := extensionFunctions[call]; ok {
+			found[ext] = true
+			continue
+		}
+		for prefix, ext := range extensionFunctionPrefixes {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(call, prefix) {
+				found[ext] = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(found) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	names := make([]string, 0, len(found))
+	for name := range found {
+		names = append(names, name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	return names
+}
+
+// sqlFunctionCalls returns the lowercase names of every function call in an expression.
+// A call is an identifier (optionally schema-qualified) immediately followed by "(".
+func sqlFunctionCalls(lowerExpression string) []string {
+	calls := make([]string, 0, 4)
+	end := 0
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(lowerExpression); i++ {
+		if lowerExpression[i] != '(' {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		end = i
+		// Allow whitespace between the identifier and its opening parenthesis.
+		for end > 0 && isSQLSpace(lowerExpression[end-1]) {
+			end--
+		}
+
+		start := end
+		for start > 0 && isSQLIdentifierByte(lowerExpression[start-1]) {
+			start--
+		}
+		if start == end {
+			continue
+		}
+		// A leading digit means this is not an identifier (e.g. "2(").
+		if lowerExpression[start] >= '0' && lowerExpression[start] <= '9' {
+			continue
+		}
+		calls = append(calls, lowerExpression[start:end])
+	}
+
+	return calls
+}
+
+func isSQLIdentifierByte(b byte) bool {
+	switch {
+	case b >= 'a' && b <= 'z', b >= 'A' && b <= 'Z', b >= '0' && b <= '9':
+		return true
+	case b == '_', b == '.':
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func isSQLSpace(b byte) bool {
+	return b == ' ' || b == '\t' || b == '\n' || b == '\r'
+}
+
+// SortExtensions orders extension names so that dependencies come first (postgis before
+// postgis_topology, vector before vchord), with alphabetical order breaking ties.
+// Duplicates are removed; unknown names are kept and sorted alphabetically.
+func SortExtensions(names []string) []string {
+	unique := make(map[string]bool, len(names))
+	for _, name := range names {
+		name = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(name))
+		if name != "" {
+			unique[name] = true
+		}
+	}
+	if len(unique) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	pending := make([]string, 0, len(unique))
+	for name := range unique {
+		pending = append(pending, name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(pending)
+
+	sorted := make([]string, 0, len(pending))
+	emitted := make(map[string]bool, len(pending))
+
+	var emit func(name string, seen map[string]bool)
+	emit = func(name string, seen map[string]bool) {
+		if emitted[name] || seen[name] {
+			return
+		}
+		seen[name] = true
+
+		if ext, ok := LookupExtension(name); ok {
+			for _, dependency := range ext.Requires {
+				// Only order dependencies that are actually being created.
+				if unique[dependency] {
+					emit(dependency, seen)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		emitted[name] = true
+		sorted = append(sorted, name)
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range pending {
+		emit(name, make(map[string]bool))
+	}
+	return sorted
+}
+
+// ExtensionDependencies returns the extensions a given extension requires, sorted.
+func ExtensionDependencies(name string) []string {
+	ext, ok := LookupExtension(name)
+	if !ok || len(ext.Requires) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	requires := append([]string(nil), ext.Requires...)
+	sort.Strings(requires)
+	return requires
+}
+
+// QuoteExtensionName quotes an extension name when it is not a bare SQL identifier,
+// e.g. uuid-ossp -> "uuid-ossp".
+func QuoteExtensionName(name string) string {
+	name = strings.TrimSpace(name)
+	if name == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(name); i++ {
+		b := name[i]
+		switch {
+		case b >= 'a' && b <= 'z', b == '_':
+		case b >= '0' && b <= '9' && i > 0:
+		default:
+			return `"` + strings.ReplaceAll(name, `"`, `""`) + `"`
+		}
+	}
+	return name
+}

pkg/pgsql/extensions_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+package pgsql
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestExtensionRegistryConsistency(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, ext := range postgresExtensions {
+		if name != ext.Name {
+			t.Errorf("extension registered as %q has Name %q", name, ext.Name)
+		}
+		if name != strings.ToLower(name) {
+			t.Errorf("extension %q must be registered lowercase", name)
+		}
+		if ext.Description == "" || ext.Category == "" {
+			t.Errorf("extension %q is missing a category or description", name)
+		}
+		for _, dependency := range ext.Requires {
+			if !IsKnownExtension(dependency) {
+				t.Errorf("extension %q requires unregistered extension %q", name, dependency)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Every extension named by a type in the type registry must itself be registered,
+// otherwise a column type would ask for a CREATE EXTENSION nothing knows how to order.
+func TestTypeExtensionsAreRegistered(t *testing.T) {
+	for typeName, spec := range postgresBaseTypes {
+		if spec.Extension == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !IsKnownExtension(spec.Extension) {
+			t.Errorf("type %q declares unregistered extension %q", typeName, spec.Extension)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndexMethodExtension(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		"hnsw":     "vector",
+		"ivfflat":  "vector",
+		"HNSW":     "vector",
+		"vchordrq": "vchord",
+		"vchordg":  "vchord",
+		"bm25":     "pg_search",
+		"btree":    "",
+		"gin":      "",
+		"":         "",
+	}
+
+	for method, want := range tests {
+		if got := IndexMethodExtension(method); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("IndexMethodExtension(%q) = %q, want %q", method, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOperatorClassExtension(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		"gin_trgm_ops":         "pg_trgm",
+		"gist_trgm_ops":        "pg_trgm",
+		"vector_cosine_ops":    "vector",
+		"halfvec_l2_ops":       "vector",
+		"gist_ltree_ops":       "ltree",
+		"gist_geometry_ops_2d": "postgis",
+		"jsonb_path_ops":       "",
+		"array_ops":            "",
+		"":                     "",
+	}
+
+	for opClass, want := range tests {
+		if got := OperatorClassExtension(opClass); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("OperatorClassExtension(%q) = %q, want %q", opClass, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtensionsForExpression(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		expression string
+		want       []string
+	}{
+		{"empty", "", nil},
+		{"no functions", "status = 'active'", nil},
+		{"builtin only", "now()", nil},
+		{"uuid-ossp default", "uuid_generate_v4()", []string{"uuid-ossp"}},
+		{"gen_random_uuid is builtin", "gen_random_uuid()", nil},
+		{"pgcrypto", "crypt(password, gen_salt('bf'))", []string{"pgcrypto"}},
+		{"postgis prefix", "ST_Area(geom) > 0", []string{"postgis"}},
+		{"paradedb prefix", "paradedb.snippet(body)", []string{"pg_search"}},
+		{"jsonschema", "json_matches_schema('{}', payload)", []string{"pg_jsonschema"}},
+		{"whitespace before paren", "unaccent ('crème')", []string{"unaccent"}},
+		{"multiple sorted", "ST_X(geom) = levenshtein(a, b)::float", []string{"fuzzystrmatch", "postgis"}},
+		{"column named like function", "similarity_score > 0.5", nil},
+		{"numeric prefix ignored", "2(3)", nil},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := ExtensionsForExpression(tt.expression); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("ExtensionsForExpression(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.expression, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSortExtensions(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []string
+		want  []string
+	}{
+		{"empty", nil, nil},
+		{"alphabetical", []string{"pg_trgm", "citext"}, []string{"citext", "pg_trgm"}},
+		{"deduplicated", []string{"vector", "vector", " VECTOR "}, []string{"vector"}},
+		{"dependency first", []string{"vchord", "vector"}, []string{"vector", "vchord"}},
+		{
+			"postgis dependants",
+			[]string{"postgis_topology", "pgrouting", "postgis"},
+			[]string{"postgis", "pgrouting", "postgis_topology"},
+		},
+		{"dependency not requested", []string{"vchord"}, []string{"vchord"}},
+		{"unknown names kept", []string{"zzz_custom", "citext"}, []string{"citext", "zzz_custom"}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := SortExtensions(tt.input); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("SortExtensions(%v) = %v, want %v", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQuoteExtensionName(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		"vector":    "vector",
+		"pg_trgm":   "pg_trgm",
+		"uuid-ossp": `"uuid-ossp"`,
+		"PostGIS":   `"PostGIS"`,
+		"":          "",
+	}
+
+	for name, want := range tests {
+		if got := QuoteExtensionName(name); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("QuoteExtensionName(%q) = %q, want %q", name, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtensionDependencies(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := ExtensionDependencies("vchord"); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, []string{"vector"}) {
+		t.Errorf("ExtensionDependencies(vchord) = %v, want [vector]", got)
+	}
+	if got := ExtensionDependencies("citext"); got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ExtensionDependencies(citext) = %v, want nil", got)
+	}
+	if got := ExtensionDependencies("not_an_extension"); got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ExtensionDependencies(not_an_extension) = %v, want nil", got)
+	}
+}

pkg/pgsql/index_options.go

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package pgsql
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Index access-method storage parameters, the WITH (...) clause of CREATE INDEX. RelSpec
+// carries them through the model in Index.Comment, so the parsing here is deliberately
+// strict: only well-formed "key = value" pairs survive, and comment prose is discarded.
+//
+// Value forms accepted:
+//   - bare tokens: lists=100, m=16, deduplicate_items=true
+//   - quoted strings: key_field='id' (pg_search bm25)
+//   - dollar-quoted blocks: options=$$ [build.internal] lists=[4096] $$ (vchord)
+
+// ExtractWithClause returns the contents of the first WITH (...) clause in s, without the
+// surrounding parentheses. Parentheses inside quoted and dollar-quoted values are ignored,
+// so a vchord TOML block survives intact. Returns "" when there is no WITH clause.
+func ExtractWithClause(s string) string {
+	lower := strings.ToLower(s)
+
+	for offset := 0; ; {
+		idx := strings.Index(lower[offset:], "with")
+		if idx < 0 {
+			return ""
+		}
+		start := offset + idx
+		offset = start + 4
+
+		// "with" must stand as its own word.
+		if start > 0 && isSQLIdentifierByte(s[start-1]) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		pos := offset
+		for pos < len(s) && isSQLSpace(s[pos]) {
+			pos++
+		}
+		if pos >= len(s) || s[pos] != '(' {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if end, ok := matchClosingParen(s, pos); ok {
+			return s[pos+1 : end]
+		}
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+// matchClosingParen returns the index of the ')' matching the '(' at open, skipping over
+// quoted and dollar-quoted spans.
+func matchClosingParen(s string, open int) (int, bool) {
+	depth := 0
+	for i := open; i < len(s); i++ {
+		switch s[i] {
+		case '\'':
+			end, ok := skipQuoted(s, i)
+			if !ok {
+				return 0, false
+			}
+			i = end
+		case '$':
+			if end, ok := skipDollarQuoted(s, i); ok {
+				i = end
+			}
+		case '(':
+			depth++
+		case ')':
+			depth--
+			if depth == 0 {
+				return i, true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
+
+// skipQuoted returns the index of the closing quote of the single-quoted string starting
+// at start, treating ” as an escaped quote.
+func skipQuoted(s string, start int) (int, bool) {
+	for i := start + 1; i < len(s); i++ {
+		if s[i] != '\'' {
+			continue
+		}
+		if i+1 < len(s) && s[i+1] == '\'' {
+			i++
+			continue
+		}
+		return i, true
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
+
+// skipDollarQuoted returns the index of the last byte of the dollar-quoted block starting
+// at start ($tag$ … $tag$). Reports false when start does not open one.
+func skipDollarQuoted(s string, start int) (int, bool) {
+	tagEnd := strings.IndexByte(s[start+1:], '$')
+	if tagEnd < 0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	tag := s[start : start+1+tagEnd+1]
+	for i := start + 1; i < len(tag); i++ {
+		if !isSQLIdentifierByte(tag[i]) && tag[i] != '$' {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+	}
+
+	closing := strings.Index(s[start+len(tag):], tag)
+	if closing < 0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	return start + len(tag) + closing + len(tag) - 1, true
+}
+
+// SplitStorageParameters splits a WITH clause body on top-level commas, leaving quoted and
+// dollar-quoted values untouched.
+func SplitStorageParameters(clause string) []string {
+	parts := make([]string, 0, 4)
+	depth := 0
+	start := 0
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(clause); i++ {
+		switch clause[i] {
+		case '\'':
+			if end, ok := skipQuoted(clause, i); ok {
+				i = end
+			}
+		case '$':
+			if end, ok := skipDollarQuoted(clause, i); ok {
+				i = end
+			}
+		case '(', '[':
+			depth++
+		case ')', ']':
+			depth--
+		case ',':
+			if depth == 0 {
+				parts = append(parts, clause[start:i])
+				start = i + 1
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	parts = append(parts, clause[start:])
+
+	trimmed := make([]string, 0, len(parts))
+	for _, part := range parts {
+		if part = strings.TrimSpace(part); part != "" {
+			trimmed = append(trimmed, part)
+		}
+	}
+	return trimmed
+}
+
+// ParseStorageParameter splits one "key = value" storage parameter. It reports false for
+// anything that is not a well-formed parameter, which is how comment prose is filtered out.
+func ParseStorageParameter(part string) (key, value string, ok bool) {
+	key, value, found := strings.Cut(part, "=")
+	if !found {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	key = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(key))
+	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
+	if key == "" || value == "" || !isBareIdentifier(key) {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+	if !isStorageParameterValue(value) {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+	return key, value, true
+}
+
+// FormatStorageParameters renders a WITH clause body as a canonical "key = value" list,
+// dropping anything malformed. Returns "" when nothing survives.
+func FormatStorageParameters(clause string) string {
+	params := make([]string, 0, 4)
+	for _, part := range SplitStorageParameters(clause) {
+		key, value, ok := ParseStorageParameter(part)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		params = append(params, key+" = "+value)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(params, ", ")
+}
+
+// NormalizeStorageParameterValue unquotes a value that PostgreSQL rendered as a string but
+// that is really a number, so that pg_indexes output (lists='100') and hand-written models
+// (lists=100) normalize identically. Non-numeric quoted values keep their quotes because
+// some access methods require a string (pg_search's key_field='id').
+func NormalizeStorageParameterValue(value string) string {
+	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
+	if len(value) < 2 || value[0] != '\'' || value[len(value)-1] != '\'' {
+		return value
+	}
+
+	inner := strings.ReplaceAll(value[1:len(value)-1], "''", "'")
+	if _, err := strconv.ParseFloat(inner, 64); err == nil {
+		return inner
+	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(inner, "true") || strings.EqualFold(inner, "false") {
+		return strings.ToLower(inner)
+	}
+	return value
+}
+
+func isBareIdentifier(s string) bool {
+	if s == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
+		b := s[i]
+		switch {
+		case b >= 'a' && b <= 'z', b >= 'A' && b <= 'Z', b == '_':
+		case b >= '0' && b <= '9' && i > 0:
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// isStorageParameterValue reports whether value is a bare token, a complete quoted string,
+// or a complete dollar-quoted block.
+func isStorageParameterValue(value string) bool {
+	switch {
+	case value == "":
+		return false
+	case value[0] == '\'':
+		end, ok := skipQuoted(value, 0)
+		return ok && end == len(value)-1
+	case value[0] == '$':
+		end, ok := skipDollarQuoted(value, 0)
+		return ok && end == len(value)-1
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(value); i++ {
+		b := value[i]
+		switch {
+		case b >= 'a' && b <= 'z', b >= 'A' && b <= 'Z', b >= '0' && b <= '9':
+		case b == '_', b == '.', b == '-', b == '+':
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}

pkg/pgsql/index_options_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package pgsql
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestExtractWithClause(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"empty", "", ""},
+		{"no clause", "opclass=vector_cosine_ops", ""},
+		{"simple", "WITH (lists=100)", "lists=100"},
+		{"lowercase", "with (m = 16, ef_construction = 64)", "m = 16, ef_construction = 64"},
+		{
+			"index definition",
+			"CREATE INDEX i ON t USING ivfflat (embedding vector_cosine_ops) WITH (lists='100')",
+			"lists='100'",
+		},
+		{"paren inside quotes", "with (key_field='id(x)')", "key_field='id(x)'"},
+		{"dollar quoted", "with (options = $$f(x)$$)", "options = $$f(x)$$"},
+		{"word boundary", "swith (lists=100)", ""},
+		{"not followed by paren", "with lists=100", ""},
+		{"unterminated", "with (lists=100", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := ExtractWithClause(tt.input); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("ExtractWithClause(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplitStorageParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input string
+		want  []string
+	}{
+		{"empty", "", []string{}},
+		{"single", "lists=100", []string{"lists=100"}},
+		{"multiple", "m = 16, ef_construction = 64", []string{"m = 16", "ef_construction = 64"}},
+		{"comma in quotes", "key_field='a,b', m=16", []string{"key_field='a,b'", "m=16"}},
+		{"comma in dollar quotes", "options=$$a,b$$, m=16", []string{"options=$$a,b$$", "m=16"}},
+		{"comma in brackets", "options=[1,2], m=16", []string{"options=[1,2]", "m=16"}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := SplitStorageParameters(tt.input); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("SplitStorageParameters(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseStorageParameter(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		input     string
+		wantKey   string
+		wantValue string
+		wantOK    bool
+	}{
+		{"bare", "lists=100", "lists", "100", true},
+		{"spaced and uppercased key", " Lists = 100 ", "lists", "100", true},
+		{"quoted", "key_field='id'", "key_field", "'id'", true},
+		{"dollar quoted", "options=$$a$$", "options", "$$a$$", true},
+		{"boolean", "deduplicate_items=true", "deduplicate_items", "true", true},
+		{"float", "fillfactor=90.5", "fillfactor", "90.5", true},
+		{"no equals", "please drop everything", "", "", false},
+		{"empty value", "lists=", "", "", false},
+		{"quoted key rejected", "'lists'=100", "", "", false},
+		{"injection rejected", "lists=100); drop table t", "", "", false},
+		{"unterminated quote rejected", "key_field='id", "", "", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			key, value, ok := ParseStorageParameter(tt.input)
+			if key != tt.wantKey || value != tt.wantValue || ok != tt.wantOK {
+				t.Errorf("ParseStorageParameter(%q) = (%q, %q, %v), want (%q, %q, %v)",
+					tt.input, key, value, ok, tt.wantKey, tt.wantValue, tt.wantOK)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeStorageParameterValue(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		"'100'":   "100",
+		"'90.5'":  "90.5",
+		"'true'":  "true",
+		"'id'":    "'id'",
+		"100":     "100",
+		"$$a,b$$": "$$a,b$$",
+		"'":       "'",
+		"''":      "''",
+	}
+
+	for input, want := range tests {
+		if got := NormalizeStorageParameterValue(input); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("NormalizeStorageParameterValue(%q) = %q, want %q", input, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

pkg/pgsql/types_registry.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package pgsql
 
 import (
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -9,6 +10,14 @@ import (
 type TypeSpec struct {
 	SupportsLength    bool
 	SupportsPrecision bool
+
+	// SupportsTypeModifier marks types whose "(...)" modifier is opaque and must be
+	// preserved verbatim (e.g. vector(1536), geometry(Point,4326)) instead of being
+	// decomposed into Length/Precision/Scale.
+	SupportsTypeModifier bool
+
+	// Extension is the PostgreSQL extension providing the type; empty for built-ins.
+	Extension string
 }
 
 var postgresBaseTypes = map[string]TypeSpec{
@@ -104,14 +113,28 @@ var postgresBaseTypes = map[string]TypeSpec{
 	"void":   {},
 
 	// Common extensions
-	"citext":    {},
-	"hstore":    {},
-	"ltree":     {},
-	"lquery":    {},
-	"ltxtquery": {},
-	"vector":    {}, // pgvector: keep explicit modifier form (vector(dim))
-	"halfvec":   {}, // pgvector: keep explicit modifier form (halfvec(dim))
-	"sparsevec": {}, // pgvector: keep explicit modifier form (sparsevec(dim))
+	"citext":    {Extension: "citext"},
+	"hstore":    {Extension: "hstore"},
+	"ltree":     {Extension: "ltree"},
+	"lquery":    {Extension: "ltree"},
+	"ltxtquery": {Extension: "ltree"},
+
+	// pgvector: modifier form is opaque (vector(dim), sparsevec(dim))
+	"vector":    {SupportsTypeModifier: true, Extension: "vector"},
+	"halfvec":   {SupportsTypeModifier: true, Extension: "vector"},
+	"sparsevec": {SupportsTypeModifier: true, Extension: "vector"},
+
+	// PostGIS: geometry/geography carry an opaque modifier (geometry(PointZ,4326))
+	"geometry":      {SupportsTypeModifier: true, Extension: "postgis"},
+	"geography":     {SupportsTypeModifier: true, Extension: "postgis"},
+	"box2d":         {Extension: "postgis"},
+	"box3d":         {Extension: "postgis"},
+	"geometry_dump": {Extension: "postgis"},
+	"geomval":       {Extension: "postgis"},
+	"spheroid":      {Extension: "postgis"},
+	"valid_detail":  {Extension: "postgis"},
+	"raster":        {SupportsTypeModifier: true, Extension: "postgis_raster"},
+	"topogeometry":  {Extension: "postgis_topology"},
 }
 
 var postgresTypeAliases = map[string]string{
@@ -346,3 +369,72 @@ func stripArraySuffixes(t string) string {
 func normalizeTypeToken(t string) string {
 	return strings.Join(strings.Fields(strings.TrimSpace(t)), " ")
 }
+
+// SupportsTypeModifier reports if this SQL type carries an opaque "(...)" modifier
+// that must be preserved verbatim (e.g. vector(1536), geometry(Point,4326)).
+func SupportsTypeModifier(sqlType string) bool {
+	base := CanonicalizeBaseType(ExtractBaseTypeLower(sqlType))
+	spec, ok := postgresBaseTypes[base]
+	return ok && spec.SupportsTypeModifier
+}
+
+// TypeExtension returns the PostgreSQL extension providing the given type
+// ("postgis", "vector", "citext", …). Built-in types return "".
+func TypeExtension(sqlType string) string {
+	base := CanonicalizeBaseType(ExtractBaseTypeLower(sqlType))
+	return postgresBaseTypes[base].Extension
+}
+
+// IsSpatialType reports whether the type comes from PostGIS (geometry, geography,
+// raster, topogeometry, …).
+func IsSpatialType(sqlType string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(TypeExtension(sqlType), "postgis")
+}
+
+// IsVectorType reports whether the type comes from pgvector (vector, halfvec, sparsevec).
+func IsVectorType(sqlType string) bool {
+	return TypeExtension(sqlType) == "vector"
+}
+
+// TypeModifier returns the raw "(...)" modifier of a SQL type without the parentheses,
+// or "" when the type has none. Array suffixes are ignored.
+// Example: geometry(PointZ,4326)[] -> "PointZ,4326".
+func TypeModifier(sqlType string) string {
+	t := stripArraySuffixes(normalizeTypeToken(sqlType))
+	start := strings.Index(t, "(")
+	end := strings.LastIndex(t, ")")
+	if start < 0 || end < start {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(t[start+1 : end])
+}
+
+// SpatialSRID returns the SRID declared in a PostGIS type modifier, or 0 when absent.
+// Example: geometry(Point,4326) -> 4326.
+func SpatialSRID(sqlType string) int {
+	if !IsSpatialType(sqlType) {
+		return 0
+	}
+	parts := strings.Split(TypeModifier(sqlType), ",")
+	if len(parts) < 2 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	srid, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(parts[len(parts)-1]))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return srid
+}
+
+// SpatialGeometryType returns the geometry subtype declared in a PostGIS type modifier
+// ("Point", "MultiPolygonZ", …), or "" when absent.
+func SpatialGeometryType(sqlType string) string {
+	if !IsSpatialType(sqlType) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	modifier := TypeModifier(sqlType)
+	if modifier == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(strings.Split(modifier, ",")[0])
+}

pkg/pgsql/types_registry_test.go

@@ -145,3 +145,104 @@ func TestEquivalentSQLTypeVariants(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestExtensionTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		sqlType       string
+		wantKnown     bool
+		wantExtension string
+		wantSpatial   bool
+		wantVector    bool
+		wantModifier  bool
+	}{
+		{"geometry with modifier", "geometry(Point,4326)", true, "postgis", true, false, true},
+		{"geography", "geography", true, "postgis", true, false, true},
+		{"geometry array", "geometry[]", true, "postgis", true, false, true},
+		{"box2d", "box2d", true, "postgis", true, false, false},
+		{"raster", "raster", true, "postgis_raster", true, false, true},
+		{"topogeometry", "topogeometry", true, "postgis_topology", true, false, false},
+		{"vector", "vector(1536)", true, "vector", false, true, true},
+		{"halfvec", "halfvec(768)", true, "vector", false, true, true},
+		{"sparsevec", "sparsevec(1000)", true, "vector", false, true, true},
+		{"citext", "citext", true, "citext", false, false, false},
+		{"builtin text", "text", true, "", false, false, false},
+		{"builtin point is not postgis", "point", true, "", false, false, false},
+		{"unknown type", "mytype", false, "", false, false, false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := IsKnownPostgresType(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantKnown {
+				t.Errorf("IsKnownPostgresType(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.sqlType, got, tt.wantKnown)
+			}
+			if got := TypeExtension(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantExtension {
+				t.Errorf("TypeExtension(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.sqlType, got, tt.wantExtension)
+			}
+			if got := IsSpatialType(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantSpatial {
+				t.Errorf("IsSpatialType(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.sqlType, got, tt.wantSpatial)
+			}
+			if got := IsVectorType(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantVector {
+				t.Errorf("IsVectorType(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.sqlType, got, tt.wantVector)
+			}
+			if got := SupportsTypeModifier(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantModifier {
+				t.Errorf("SupportsTypeModifier(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.sqlType, got, tt.wantModifier)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtensionTypesDoNotSupportLengthOrPrecision(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, sqlType := range []string{"geometry(Point,4326)", "geography", "vector(1536)", "halfvec(768)"} {
+		if SupportsLength(sqlType) {
+			t.Errorf("SupportsLength(%q) = true, want false", sqlType)
+		}
+		if SupportsPrecision(sqlType) {
+			t.Errorf("SupportsPrecision(%q) = true, want false", sqlType)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSpatialTypeModifier(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		sqlType      string
+		wantModifier string
+		wantGeomType string
+		wantSRID     int
+	}{
+		{"geometry(Point,4326)", "Point,4326", "Point", 4326},
+		{"geometry(MultiPolygonZ, 3857)", "MultiPolygonZ, 3857", "MultiPolygonZ", 3857},
+		{"geography(Point)", "Point", "Point", 0},
+		{"geometry", "", "", 0},
+		{"geometry(Point,4326)[]", "Point,4326", "Point", 4326},
+		{"vector(1536)", "1536", "", 0},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.sqlType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := TypeModifier(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantModifier {
+				t.Errorf("TypeModifier() = %q, want %q", got, tt.wantModifier)
+			}
+			if got := SpatialGeometryType(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantGeomType {
+				t.Errorf("SpatialGeometryType() = %q, want %q", got, tt.wantGeomType)
+			}
+			if got := SpatialSRID(tt.sqlType); got != tt.wantSRID {
+				t.Errorf("SpatialSRID() = %d, want %d", got, tt.wantSRID)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeEquivalentSQLTypePreservesExtensionModifiers(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string]string{
+		"geometry(Point,4326)": "geometry(Point,4326)",
+		"vector(1536)":         "vector(1536)",
+		"geography(Point)[]":   "geography(Point)[]",
+	}
+
+	for input, want := range tests {
+		if got := NormalizeEquivalentSQLType(input); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("NormalizeEquivalentSQLType(%q) = %q, want %q", input, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

pkg/readers/dbml/reader.go

@@ -434,6 +434,7 @@ func (r *Reader) parseDBML(content string) (*models.Database, error) {
 	var currentSchema string
 	var inIndexes bool
 	var inTable bool
+	var columnSeq uint
 
 	tableRegex := regexp.MustCompile(`^Table\s+(.+?)\s*{`)
 	refRegex := regexp.MustCompile(`^Ref:\s+(.+)`)
@@ -469,6 +470,7 @@ func (r *Reader) parseDBML(content string) (*models.Database, error) {
 			currentTable = models.InitTable(tableName, currentSchema)
 			inTable = true
 			inIndexes = false
+			columnSeq = 0
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -497,6 +499,17 @@ func (r *Reader) parseDBML(content string) (*models.Database, error) {
 
 		// Parse index definition
 		if inIndexes && currentTable != nil {
+			// A composite `[pk]` entry inside an Indexes block declares the
+			// table's primary key (DBML's way of expressing multi-column PKs
+			// that can't be attached to a single column). It must become a
+			// primary key constraint, not a plain index, or the PK is lost.
+			if indexLineHasPKAttr(line) {
+				if constraint := r.parsePrimaryKeyIndex(line, currentTable.Name, currentSchema); constraint != nil {
+					currentTable.Constraints[constraint.Name] = constraint
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+
 			index := r.parseIndex(line, currentTable.Name, currentSchema)
 			if index != nil {
 				currentTable.Indexes[index.Name] = index
@@ -516,6 +529,8 @@ func (r *Reader) parseDBML(content string) (*models.Database, error) {
 		if inTable && !inIndexes && currentTable != nil {
 			column, constraint := r.parseColumn(line, currentTable.Name, currentSchema)
 			if column != nil {
+				columnSeq++
+				column.Sequence = columnSeq
 				currentTable.Columns[column.Name] = column
 			}
 			if constraint != nil {
@@ -743,9 +758,10 @@ func stripWrappingQuotes(s string) string {
 	return s
 }
 
-// parseIndex parses a DBML index definition
-func (r *Reader) parseIndex(line, tableName, schemaName string) *models.Index {
-	// Format: (columns) [attributes] OR columnname [attributes]
+// indexLineColumns extracts the column list from an Indexes-block entry,
+// e.g. "(col1, col2) [attrs]" or "columnname [attrs]", preserving
+// declaration order.
+func indexLineColumns(line string) []string {
 	var columns []string
 
 	// Find the attributes section to avoid parsing parentheses in notes/attributes
@@ -776,6 +792,56 @@ func (r *Reader) parseIndex(line, tableName, schemaName string) *models.Index {
 		}
 	}
 
+	return columns
+}
+
+// indexLineAttrs extracts and splits the bracketed attribute list of an
+// Indexes-block entry, e.g. "[pk]" or "[unique, name: 'foo']".
+func indexLineAttrs(line string) []string {
+	attrStart := strings.Index(line, "[")
+	attrEnd := strings.Index(line, "]")
+	if attrStart < 0 || attrEnd < 0 || attrStart >= attrEnd {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var attrs []string
+	for _, attr := range strings.Split(line[attrStart+1:attrEnd], ",") {
+		attrs = append(attrs, strings.TrimSpace(attr))
+	}
+	return attrs
+}
+
+// indexLineHasPKAttr reports whether an Indexes-block entry carries a `pk`
+// attribute, e.g. "(artifact_id, sha256) [pk]". DBML uses this form to
+// declare composite primary keys that can't be attached to a single column.
+func indexLineHasPKAttr(line string) bool {
+	for _, attr := range indexLineAttrs(line) {
+		if attr == "pk" || attr == "primary key" {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// parsePrimaryKeyIndex converts a composite `[pk]` entry from an Indexes
+// block into a primary key constraint, preserving the declared column order.
+func (r *Reader) parsePrimaryKeyIndex(line, tableName, schemaName string) *models.Constraint {
+	columns := indexLineColumns(line)
+	if len(columns) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	constraint := models.InitConstraint("pk_"+tableName, models.PrimaryKeyConstraint)
+	constraint.Schema = schemaName
+	constraint.Table = tableName
+	constraint.Columns = columns
+	return constraint
+}
+
+// parseIndex parses a DBML index definition
+func (r *Reader) parseIndex(line, tableName, schemaName string) *models.Index {
+	// Format: (columns) [attributes] OR columnname [attributes]
+	columns := indexLineColumns(line)
 	if len(columns) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -786,26 +852,15 @@ func (r *Reader) parseIndex(line, tableName, schemaName string) *models.Index {
 	index.Columns = columns
 
 	// Parse attributes
-	if strings.Contains(line, "[") && strings.Contains(line, "]") {
-		attrStart := strings.Index(line, "[")
-		attrEnd := strings.Index(line, "]")
-		if attrStart < attrEnd {
-			attrs := line[attrStart+1 : attrEnd]
-			attrList := strings.Split(attrs, ",")
-
-			for _, attr := range attrList {
-				attr = strings.TrimSpace(attr)
-
-				if attr == "unique" {
-					index.Unique = true
-				} else if strings.HasPrefix(attr, "name:") {
-					name := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(attr, "name:"))
-					index.Name = strings.Trim(name, "'\"")
-				} else if strings.HasPrefix(attr, "type:") {
-					indexType := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(attr, "type:"))
-					index.Type = strings.Trim(indexType, "'\"")
-				}
-			}
+	for _, attr := range indexLineAttrs(line) {
+		if attr == "unique" {
+			index.Unique = true
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(attr, "name:") {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(attr, "name:"))
+			index.Name = strings.Trim(name, "'\"")
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(attr, "type:") {
+			indexType := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(attr, "type:"))
+			index.Type = strings.Trim(indexType, "'\"")
 		}
 	}
 

pkg/readers/dbml/reader_test.go

@@ -863,6 +863,13 @@ func TestParseColumn_PostgresTypes(t *testing.T) {
 			wantName: "embedding",
 			wantType: "vector(1536)",
 		},
+		{
+			name:        "postgis geometry with type modifier",
+			line:        "location geometry(Point,4326) [not null]",
+			wantName:    "location",
+			wantType:    "geometry(Point,4326)",
+			wantNotNull: true,
+		},
 		{
 			name:     "multi word timestamp type",
 			line:     "published_at timestamp with time zone",
@@ -932,3 +939,97 @@ func TestHasCommentedRefs(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestReader_CompositePKIndex verifies that a composite `[pk]` entry inside
+// an Indexes block is turned into a primary key constraint, in declaration
+// order, rather than being silently dropped.
+func TestReader_CompositePKIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	dbmlContent := `Table artifact_blob {
+  artifact_id integer [not null]
+  sha256 text [not null]
+  size integer
+
+  Indexes {
+    (artifact_id, sha256) [pk]
+  }
+}
+`
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	path := filepath.Join(dir, "composite_pk.dbml")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(dbmlContent), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write fixture: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	reader := NewReader(&readers.ReaderOptions{FilePath: path})
+	db, err := reader.ReadDatabase()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadDatabase() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	table := db.Schemas[0].Tables[0]
+
+	var pk *models.Constraint
+	for _, c := range table.Constraints {
+		if c.Type == models.PrimaryKeyConstraint {
+			pk = c
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if pk == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a primary key constraint, got none")
+	}
+	want := []string{"artifact_id", "sha256"}
+	if len(pk.Columns) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected PK columns %v, got %v", want, pk.Columns)
+	}
+	for i, col := range want {
+		if pk.Columns[i] != col {
+			t.Errorf("PK column[%d] = %q, want %q (order must match declaration)", i, pk.Columns[i], col)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// No plain index should be emitted for the pk-only entry.
+	if len(table.Indexes) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no plain indexes from a [pk] Indexes entry, got %v", table.Indexes)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestReader_ColumnPKOrderPreserved verifies that composite primary keys
+// declared via column-level [pk] attributes keep declaration order (via
+// Column.Sequence) instead of falling back to alphabetical sorting.
+func TestReader_ColumnPKOrderPreserved(t *testing.T) {
+	dbmlContent := `Table snapshot_artifact {
+  snapshot_id integer [pk, not null]
+  artifact_id integer [pk, not null]
+}
+`
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	path := filepath.Join(dir, "column_pk_order.dbml")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(dbmlContent), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write fixture: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	reader := NewReader(&readers.ReaderOptions{FilePath: path})
+	db, err := reader.ReadDatabase()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadDatabase() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	table := db.Schemas[0].Tables[0]
+
+	snapshotCol, ok := table.Columns["snapshot_id"]
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("column 'snapshot_id' not found")
+	}
+	artifactCol, ok := table.Columns["artifact_id"]
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("column 'artifact_id' not found")
+	}
+
+	if snapshotCol.Sequence == 0 || artifactCol.Sequence == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero Sequence values, got snapshot_id=%d artifact_id=%d", snapshotCol.Sequence, artifactCol.Sequence)
+	}
+	if snapshotCol.Sequence >= artifactCol.Sequence {
+		t.Errorf("expected snapshot_id (declared first) to have a lower Sequence than artifact_id, got %d >= %d", snapshotCol.Sequence, artifactCol.Sequence)
+	}
+}

pkg/readers/dctx/reader.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/xml"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
@@ -373,7 +374,13 @@ func (r *Reader) convertKey(dctxKey *models.DCTXKey, table *models.Table, fieldG
 	if len(columns) == 0 {
 		if dctxKey.Primary {
 			// Look for common primary key column patterns
+			colNames := make([]string, 0, len(table.Columns))
 			for colName := range table.Columns {
+				colNames = append(colNames, colName)
+			}
+			sort.Strings(colNames)
+
+			for _, colName := range colNames {
 				colNameLower := strings.ToLower(colName)
 				if strings.HasPrefix(colNameLower, "rid_") || strings.HasSuffix(colNameLower, "id") {
 					columns = append(columns, colName)

pkg/readers/pgsql/README.md

@@ -128,6 +128,27 @@ sessions so they are identifiable in `pg_stat_activity`. If you provide
 - Sequence properties
 - Associated tables
 
+## Extension Types (PostGIS, pgvector)
+
+- Extension column types keep their catalog-formatted form: `geometry(Point,4326)`,
+  `geography(Point)`, `vector(1536)`, `halfvec(768)`, `citext`, arrays included.
+- Built-in types are canonicalized and their dimensions moved to
+  `Column.Length` / `Precision` / `Scale`; extension modifiers stay in `Column.Type`.
+- Index access methods are read from the definition as-is: `gist`, `spgist`, `brin`, `hnsw`,
+  `ivfflat`, `vchordrq`, `vchordg`, `bm25`.
+- Operator class and `WITH (...)` parameters have no model field, so they are stored in
+  `Index.Comment` in the form the PostgreSQL writer reads back:
+
+  ```
+  opclass=vector_cosine_ops; with (m=16, ef_construction=64)
+  ```
+
+  Ordering modifiers (`DESC`, `NULLS LAST`, `COLLATE`) are not treated as operator classes.
+  Numeric parameter values are unquoted (`lists='100'` -> `lists=100`); string values keep
+  their quotes (`key_field='id'`), and dollar-quoted values are preserved whole.
+- Installed extensions are read from `pg_extension` into `schema.Metadata["extensions"]`
+  (only extensions RelSpec recognizes), so a read/write round-trip re-creates them.
+
 ## Notes
 
 - Requires PostgreSQL connection permissions

pkg/readers/pgsql/queries.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/pgsql"
 )
 
 // querySchemas retrieves all non-system schemas from the database
@@ -46,6 +47,41 @@ func (r *Reader) querySchemas() ([]*models.Schema, error) {
 	return schemas, rows.Err()
 }
 
+// queryExtensions retrieves the extensions installed into a schema. Only extensions RelSpec
+// recognizes are kept, so a round-trip never emits a CREATE EXTENSION the writer cannot
+// order; plpgsql is not registered and is therefore skipped along with other built-ins.
+func (r *Reader) queryExtensions(schemaName string) ([]string, error) {
+	query := `
+		SELECT e.extname
+		FROM pg_extension e
+		JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = e.extnamespace
+		WHERE n.nspname = $1
+		ORDER BY e.extname
+	`
+
+	rows, err := r.conn.Query(r.ctx, query, schemaName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	extensions := make([]string, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var name string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if pgsql.IsKnownExtension(name) {
+			extensions = append(extensions, name)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return pgsql.SortExtensions(extensions), nil
+}
+
 // queryTables retrieves all tables for a given schema
 func (r *Reader) queryTables(schemaName string) ([]*models.Table, error) {
 	query := `
@@ -597,6 +633,7 @@ func (r *Reader) parseIndexDefinition(indexName, tableName, schema, indexDef str
 	}
 
 	// Extract columns - pattern: (column1, column2, ...)
+	opClass := ""
 	columnsRegex := regexp.MustCompile(`\(([^)]+)\)`)
 	if matches := columnsRegex.FindStringSubmatch(indexDef); len(matches) > 1 {
 		columnsStr := matches[1]
@@ -604,8 +641,17 @@ func (r *Reader) parseIndexDefinition(indexName, tableName, schema, indexDef str
 		columnParts := strings.Split(columnsStr, ",")
 		for _, col := range columnParts {
 			col = strings.TrimSpace(col)
+			fields := strings.Fields(col)
+			if len(fields) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			// Remember an explicit operator class (e.g. "embedding vector_cosine_ops")
+			// so the writer can reproduce it; ordering modifiers are not operator classes.
+			if opClass == "" && len(fields) > 1 {
+				opClass = extractIndexOperatorClass(fields[1:])
+			}
 			// Remove any ordering (ASC/DESC) or other modifiers
-			col = strings.Fields(col)[0]
+			col = fields[0]
 			// Remove parentheses if it's an expression
 			if !strings.Contains(col, "(") {
 				index.Columns = append(index.Columns, col)
@@ -613,6 +659,15 @@ func (r *Reader) parseIndexDefinition(indexName, tableName, schema, indexDef str
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Extract access method storage parameters, e.g. WITH (lists='100')
+	storageParams := normalizeIndexStorageParams(pgsql.ExtractWithClause(indexDef))
+
+	// Operator class and storage parameters have no dedicated model fields; carry them in
+	// the comment hint the PostgreSQL writer reads back.
+	if hint := buildIndexHint(opClass, storageParams); hint != "" && index.Comment == "" {
+		index.Comment = hint
+	}
+
 	// Extract WHERE clause for partial indexes
 	whereRegex := regexp.MustCompile(`WHERE\s+(.+)$`)
 	if matches := whereRegex.FindStringSubmatch(indexDef); len(matches) > 1 {
@@ -622,6 +677,52 @@ func (r *Reader) parseIndexDefinition(indexName, tableName, schema, indexDef str
 	return index, nil
 }
 
+// indexOrderingKeywords are column modifiers that are not operator classes.
+var indexOrderingKeywords = map[string]bool{
+	"asc": true, "desc": true, "nulls": true, "first": true, "last": true, "collate": true,
+}
+
+// extractIndexOperatorClass picks the operator class out of a column's trailing modifiers.
+// Returns "" when the modifiers are only ordering keywords.
+func extractIndexOperatorClass(modifiers []string) string {
+	for _, modifier := range modifiers {
+		lower := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(modifier))
+		if lower == "" || indexOrderingKeywords[lower] {
+			continue
+		}
+		return lower
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// normalizeIndexStorageParams rewrites "m='16', ef_construction='64'" as "m=16,
+// ef_construction=64". Non-numeric values keep their quotes because some access methods
+// require a string literal (pg_search's key_field='id').
+func normalizeIndexStorageParams(params string) string {
+	normalized := make([]string, 0, 4)
+	for _, part := range pgsql.SplitStorageParameters(params) {
+		key, value, ok := pgsql.ParseStorageParameter(part)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		normalized = append(normalized, key+"="+pgsql.NormalizeStorageParameterValue(value))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(normalized, ", ")
+}
+
+// buildIndexHint renders the operator class and storage parameters in the form the
+// PostgreSQL writer parses back out of an index comment.
+func buildIndexHint(opClass, storageParams string) string {
+	parts := make([]string, 0, 2)
+	if opClass != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, "opclass="+opClass)
+	}
+	if storageParams != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, "with ("+storageParams+")")
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, "; ")
+}
+
 // normalizePostgresDefault converts a raw PostgreSQL column_default expression into the
 // unquoted string value that the model convention expects. PostgreSQL stores string
 // literal defaults as 'value' or 'value'::type (e.g. '{}'::text[]), while every other

pkg/readers/pgsql/reader.go

@@ -88,6 +88,18 @@ func (r *Reader) ReadDatabase() (*models.Database, error) {
 		}
 		schema.Sequences = sequences
 
+		// Query extensions installed into this schema
+		extensions, err := r.queryExtensions(schema.Name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query extensions for schema %s: %w", schema.Name, err)
+		}
+		if len(extensions) > 0 {
+			if schema.Metadata == nil {
+				schema.Metadata = make(map[string]any)
+			}
+			schema.Metadata["extensions"] = extensions
+		}
+
 		// Query columns for tables and views
 		columnsMap, err := r.queryColumns(schema.Name)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -278,11 +290,6 @@ func (r *Reader) mapDataType(pgType, udtName, formattedType string, hasNextval b
 		}
 	}
 
-	// information_schema reports arrays generically as "ARRAY" with udt_name like "_text".
-	if strings.EqualFold(pgType, "ARRAY") && strings.HasPrefix(udtName, "_") && len(udtName) > 1 {
-		return udtName[1:] + "[]"
-	}
-
 	// Use the database-formatted type when available. For known built-in types, strip
 	// embedded dimensions (they are stored in column.Length/Precision/Scale separately).
 	// For unknown/custom types, keep the full formatted string (e.g. vector(1536)).
@@ -303,6 +310,13 @@ func (r *Reader) mapDataType(pgType, udtName, formattedType string, hasNextval b
 		return formattedType
 	}
 
+	// information_schema reports arrays generically as "ARRAY" with udt_name like "_text".
+	// Only reached when the catalog-formatted type is unavailable, which is the one case
+	// where the element modifier (e.g. geometry(Point,4326)[]) cannot be recovered.
+	if strings.EqualFold(pgType, "ARRAY") && strings.HasPrefix(udtName, "_") && len(udtName) > 1 {
+		return udtName[1:] + "[]"
+	}
+
 	// Fall back to normalizing the information_schema type name directly.
 	canonical := pgsql.NormalizePGType(normalizedPGType)
 	if pgsql.IsKnownPGBaseType(canonical) {

pkg/readers/pgsql/reader_test.go

@@ -392,3 +392,101 @@ func BenchmarkReader_ReadDatabase(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestParseIndexDefinition_ExtensionIndexes(t *testing.T) {
+	reader := &Reader{}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		indexDef    string
+		wantType    string
+		wantColumns []string
+		wantComment string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "hnsw vector index with storage parameters",
+			indexDef:    "CREATE INDEX idx_docs_embedding ON public.docs USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops) WITH (m='16', ef_construction='64')",
+			wantType:    "hnsw",
+			wantColumns: []string{"embedding"},
+			wantComment: "opclass=vector_cosine_ops; with (m=16, ef_construction=64)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "ivfflat vector index",
+			indexDef:    "CREATE INDEX idx_docs_embedding ON public.docs USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists='100')",
+			wantType:    "ivfflat",
+			wantColumns: []string{"embedding"},
+			wantComment: "opclass=vector_l2_ops; with (lists=100)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "gist geometry index with default operator class",
+			indexDef:    "CREATE INDEX idx_places_geom ON public.places USING gist (geom)",
+			wantType:    "gist",
+			wantColumns: []string{"geom"},
+			wantComment: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "gist geometry index with explicit operator class",
+			indexDef:    "CREATE INDEX idx_places_geom ON public.places USING gist (geom gist_geometry_ops_nd)",
+			wantType:    "gist",
+			wantColumns: []string{"geom"},
+			wantComment: "opclass=gist_geometry_ops_nd",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "btree ordering modifiers are not operator classes",
+			indexDef:    "CREATE INDEX idx_users_created ON public.users USING btree (created_at DESC NULLS LAST)",
+			wantType:    "btree",
+			wantColumns: []string{"created_at"},
+			wantComment: "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			index, err := reader.parseIndexDefinition("idx", "tbl", "public", tt.indexDef)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("parseIndexDefinition() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if index.Type != tt.wantType {
+				t.Errorf("Type = %q, want %q", index.Type, tt.wantType)
+			}
+			if len(index.Columns) != len(tt.wantColumns) {
+				t.Fatalf("Columns = %v, want %v", index.Columns, tt.wantColumns)
+			}
+			for i, col := range tt.wantColumns {
+				if index.Columns[i] != col {
+					t.Errorf("Columns[%d] = %q, want %q", i, index.Columns[i], col)
+				}
+			}
+			if index.Comment != tt.wantComment {
+				t.Errorf("Comment = %q, want %q", index.Comment, tt.wantComment)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapDataType_ExtensionTypesPreserveModifiers(t *testing.T) {
+	reader := &Reader{}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		pgType        string
+		udtName       string
+		formattedType string
+		want          string
+	}{
+		{"postgis geometry", "USER-DEFINED", "geometry", "geometry(Point,4326)", "geometry(Point,4326)"},
+		{"postgis geography", "USER-DEFINED", "geography", "geography(Point,4326)", "geography(Point,4326)"},
+		{"postgis geometry without modifier", "USER-DEFINED", "geometry", "geometry", "geometry"},
+		{"pgvector halfvec", "USER-DEFINED", "halfvec", "halfvec(768)", "halfvec(768)"},
+		{"postgis geometry array", "ARRAY", "_geometry", "geometry(Point,4326)[]", "geometry(Point,4326)[]"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := reader.mapDataType(tt.pgType, tt.udtName, tt.formattedType, false); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("mapDataType() = %q, want %q", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/readers/prisma/reader.go

@@ -820,17 +820,31 @@ func (r *Reader) createImplicitJoinTable(model1, model2 string, tableMap map[str
 	tableMap[joinTableName] = joinTable
 }
 
-// getPrimaryKeyColumn returns the primary key column of a table
+// getPrimaryKeyColumn returns the primary key column of a table. For tables
+// with a composite primary key, the column with the lowest Sequence (or,
+// failing that, the alphabetically first Name) is returned deterministically.
 func (r *Reader) getPrimaryKeyColumn(table *models.Table) *models.Column {
 	if table == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	var pk *models.Column
 	for _, col := range table.Columns {
-		if col.IsPrimaryKey {
-			return col
+		if !col.IsPrimaryKey {
+			continue
+		}
+		if pk == nil {
+			pk = col
+			continue
+		}
+		if col.Sequence > 0 && pk.Sequence > 0 {
+			if col.Sequence < pk.Sequence {
+				pk = col
+			}
+		} else if col.Name < pk.Name {
+			pk = col
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return pk
 }

pkg/readers/sqldir/README.md

@@ -45,6 +45,21 @@ migrations/
 - `1_001_test.txt` - Wrong extension
 - `readme.md` - Not a SQL file
 
+## External File Embedding
+
+SQL files can include external files with `-- @embed` directives. File paths are resolved relative to the SQL file being read.
+
+```sql
+-- @embed: path=assets/message.txt var=:message mode=text
+-- @embed: path=assets/payload.bin var=:payload mode=base64
+INSERT INTO assets (message, payload)
+VALUES (:message, decode(:payload, 'base64')::bytea);
+```
+
+- `mode=text` reads UTF-8 text and replaces the placeholder with an escaped SQL string literal.
+- `mode=base64` reads any bytes and replaces the placeholder with a base64 SQL string literal.
+- The placeholder must be named, for example `:message`, and must appear in the SQL body.
+
 ## Usage
 
 ### Basic Usage

pkg/readers/sqldir/reader.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
 
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/assetloader"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers"
 )
@@ -151,6 +152,10 @@ func (r *Reader) readScripts() ([]*models.Script, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read file %s: %w", path, err)
 		}
+		sql, err := assetloader.ProcessEmbedDirectives(path, string(content))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
 		// Get relative path from base directory
 		relPath, err := filepath.Rel(r.options.FilePath, path)
@@ -161,9 +166,10 @@ func (r *Reader) readScripts() ([]*models.Script, error) {
 		// Create Script model
 		script := models.InitScript(name)
 		script.Description = fmt.Sprintf("SQL script from %s", relPath)
-		script.SQL = string(content)
+		script.SQL = sql
 		script.Priority = priority
 		script.Sequence = uint(sequence)
+		script.Metadata[assetloader.ScriptSourcePathMetadataKey] = path
 
 		scripts = append(scripts, script)
 

pkg/readers/sqldir/reader_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package sqldir
 
 import (
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/readers"
@@ -18,12 +20,12 @@ func TestReader_ReadDatabase(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create test SQL files with both underscore and hyphen separators
 	testFiles := map[string]string{
-		"1_001_create_users.sql":  "CREATE TABLE users (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);",
-		"1_002_create_posts.sql":  "CREATE TABLE posts (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, user_id INT);",
-		"2_001_add_indexes.sql":   "CREATE INDEX idx_posts_user_id ON posts(user_id);",
-		"1_003_seed_data.pgsql":   "INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Alice'), ('Bob');",
+		"1_001_create_users.sql":   "CREATE TABLE users (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);",
+		"1_002_create_posts.sql":   "CREATE TABLE posts (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, user_id INT);",
+		"2_001_add_indexes.sql":    "CREATE INDEX idx_posts_user_id ON posts(user_id);",
+		"1_003_seed_data.pgsql":    "INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Alice'), ('Bob');",
 		"10-10-create-newid.pgsql": "CREATE TABLE newid (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY);",
-		"2-005-add-column.sql":    "ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email TEXT;",
+		"2-005-add-column.sql":     "ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email TEXT;",
 	}
 
 	for filename, content := range testFiles {
@@ -267,10 +269,10 @@ func TestReader_HyphenFormat(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create test files with hyphen separators
 	testFiles := map[string]string{
-		"1-001-create-table.sql":  "CREATE TABLE test (id INT);",
-		"1-002-insert-data.pgsql": "INSERT INTO test VALUES (1);",
+		"1-001-create-table.sql":   "CREATE TABLE test (id INT);",
+		"1-002-insert-data.pgsql":  "INSERT INTO test VALUES (1);",
 		"10-10-create-newid.pgsql": "CREATE TABLE newid (id SERIAL);",
-		"2-005-add-index.sql":     "CREATE INDEX idx_test ON test(id);",
+		"2-005-add-index.sql":      "CREATE INDEX idx_test ON test(id);",
 	}
 
 	for filename, content := range testFiles {
@@ -301,10 +303,10 @@ func TestReader_HyphenFormat(t *testing.T) {
 		priority int
 		sequence uint
 	}{
-		"create-table":  {1, 1},
-		"insert-data":   {1, 2},
-		"add-index":     {2, 5},
-		"create-newid":  {10, 10},
+		"create-table": {1, 1},
+		"insert-data":  {1, 2},
+		"add-index":    {2, 5},
+		"create-newid": {10, 10},
 	}
 
 	for _, script := range schema.Scripts {
@@ -435,3 +437,61 @@ func TestReader_SkipSymlinks(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("Symlink script should have been skipped but was found")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestReader_EmbedDirectives(t *testing.T) {
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	assetDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "assets")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(assetDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(assetDir, "message.txt"), []byte("Reader's text"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	binary := []byte{0x00, 0x01, 0xfe, 0xff}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(assetDir, "payload.bin"), binary, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	sql := `
+-- @embed: path=assets/message.txt var=:message mode=text
+-- @embed: path=assets/payload.bin var=:payload mode=base64
+INSERT INTO assets (message, payload) VALUES (:message, decode(:payload, 'base64')::bytea);
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "1_001_embed.sql"), []byte(sql), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	reader := NewReader(&readers.ReaderOptions{FilePath: tempDir})
+	db, err := reader.ReadDatabase()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(db.Schemas[0].Scripts) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 script, got %d", len(db.Schemas[0].Scripts))
+	}
+
+	got := db.Schemas[0].Scripts[0].SQL
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "'Reader''s text'") {
+		t.Fatalf("text asset was not embedded as an escaped SQL literal:\n%s", got)
+	}
+	wantBase64 := "decode('" + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(binary) + "', 'base64')::bytea"
+	if !strings.Contains(got, wantBase64) {
+		t.Fatalf("binary asset was not embedded as a base64 SQL literal:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReader_EmbedDirectiveErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	sql := "-- @embed: path=missing.txt var=:message mode=text\nSELECT :message;"
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "1_001_embed.sql"), []byte(sql), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	reader := NewReader(&readers.ReaderOptions{FilePath: tempDir})
+	_, err := reader.ReadDatabase()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected embed error, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "missing.txt") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected missing file in error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}

pkg/readers/typeorm/reader.go

@@ -806,17 +806,31 @@ func (r *Reader) createManyToManyJoinTable(entity1, entity2 string, tableMap map
 	tableMap[joinTableName] = joinTable
 }
 
-// getPrimaryKeyColumn returns the primary key column of a table
+// getPrimaryKeyColumn returns the primary key column of a table. For tables
+// with a composite primary key, the column with the lowest Sequence (or,
+// failing that, the alphabetically first Name) is returned deterministically.
 func (r *Reader) getPrimaryKeyColumn(table *models.Table) *models.Column {
 	if table == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	var pk *models.Column
 	for _, col := range table.Columns {
-		if col.IsPrimaryKey {
-			return col
+		if !col.IsPrimaryKey {
+			continue
+		}
+		if pk == nil {
+			pk = col
+			continue
+		}
+		if col.Sequence > 0 && pk.Sequence > 0 {
+			if col.Sequence < pk.Sequence {
+				pk = col
+			}
+		} else if col.Name < pk.Name {
+			pk = col
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return pk
 }

pkg/reflectutil/helpers.go

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package reflectutil
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ func MapKeys(i interface{}) []interface{} {
 		return []interface{}{}
 	}
 
-	keys := v.MapKeys()
+	keys := sortedMapKeys(v)
 	result := make([]interface{}, len(keys))
 	for i, key := range keys {
 		result[i] = key.Interface()
@@ -155,14 +157,39 @@ func MapValues(i interface{}) []interface{} {
 		return []interface{}{}
 	}
 
-	result := make([]interface{}, 0, v.Len())
-	iter := v.MapRange()
-	for iter.Next() {
-		result = append(result, iter.Value().Interface())
+	keys := sortedMapKeys(v)
+	result := make([]interface{}, 0, len(keys))
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		result = append(result, v.MapIndex(key).Interface())
 	}
 	return result
 }
 
+func sortedMapKeys(v reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
+	keys := v.MapKeys()
+	sort.SliceStable(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return mapKeyLess(keys[i], keys[j])
+	})
+	return keys
+}
+
+func mapKeyLess(a, b reflect.Value) bool {
+	switch a.Kind() {
+	case reflect.String:
+		return a.String() < b.String()
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return a.Int() < b.Int()
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
+		return a.Uint() < b.Uint()
+	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		return a.Float() < b.Float()
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		return !a.Bool() && b.Bool()
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprint(a.Interface()) < fmt.Sprint(b.Interface())
+	}
+}
+
 // MapGet safely gets a value from a map by key
 // Returns nil if key doesn't exist or not a map
 func MapGet(m interface{}, key interface{}) interface{} {

pkg/ui/editor.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package ui
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/rivo/tview"
 
@@ -69,5 +70,6 @@ func getColumnNames(table *models.Table) []string {
 	for name := range table.Columns {
 		names = append(names, name)
 	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
 	return names
 }

pkg/ui/relation_dataops.go

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package ui
 
-import "git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
+import (
+	"sort"
+
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
+)
 
 // Relationship data operations - business logic for relationship management
 
@@ -111,5 +115,6 @@ func (se *SchemaEditor) GetRelationshipNames(schemaIndex, tableIndex int) []stri
 	for name := range table.Relationships {
 		names = append(names, name)
 	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
 	return names
 }

pkg/writers/bun/README.md

@@ -88,11 +88,11 @@ import (
 type User struct {
     bun.BaseModel `bun:"table:users,alias:u"`
 
-    ID        int64                     `bun:"id,type:uuid,pk," json:"id"`
-    Username  string                    `bun:"username,type:text,notnull," json:"username"`
-    Email     sql_types.SqlString       `bun:"email,type:text,nullzero," json:"email"`
-    Tags      sql_types.SqlStringArray  `bun:"tags,type:text[],default:'{}',notnull," json:"tags"`
-    CreatedAt sql_types.SqlTimeStamp    `bun:"created_at,type:timestamptz,default:now(),notnull," json:"created_at"`
+    ID        int64                  `bun:"id,type:uuid,pk," json:"id"`
+    Username  string                 `bun:"username,type:text,notnull," json:"username"`
+    Email     sql_types.SqlString    `bun:"email,type:text,nullzero," json:"email"`
+    Tags      []string               `bun:"tags,type:text[],array,default:'{}',notnull," json:"tags"`
+    CreatedAt sql_types.SqlTimeStamp `bun:"created_at,type:timestamptz,default:now(),notnull," json:"created_at"`
 }
 ```
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ type User struct {
     ID        string         `bun:"id,type:uuid,pk," json:"id"`
     Username  string         `bun:"username,type:text,notnull," json:"username"`
     Email     sql.NullString `bun:"email,type:text,nullzero," json:"email"`
-    Tags      []string       `bun:"tags,type:text[],default:'{}',notnull," json:"tags"`
+    Tags      []string       `bun:"tags,type:text[],array,default:'{}',notnull," json:"tags"`
     CreatedAt time.Time      `bun:"created_at,type:timestamptz,default:now(),notnull," json:"created_at"`
 }
 ```
@@ -145,11 +145,17 @@ The nullable type package is selected with `--types` (or `WriterOptions.Nullable
 | `numeric`, `decimal` | `float64` | `SqlFloat64` | `sql.NullFloat64` |
 | `uuid` | `string` | `SqlUUID` | `sql.NullString` |
 | `jsonb` | `string` | `SqlJSONB` | `sql.NullString` |
-| `text[]` | `SqlStringArray` | `SqlStringArray` | `[]string` |
-| `integer[]` | `SqlInt32Array` | `SqlInt32Array` | `[]int32` |
-| `uuid[]` | `SqlUUIDArray` | `SqlUUIDArray` | `[]string` |
+| `text[]` | `[]string`† | `[]string`† | `[]string`† |
+| `integer[]` | `[]int32`† | `[]int32`† | `[]int32`† |
+| `uuid[]` | `[]string`† | `[]string`† | `[]string`† |
 | `vector` | `SqlVector` | `SqlVector` | `[]float32` |
 
+† Array columns always use a plain native Go slice with an explicit `array`
+bun tag (`bun:"tags,type:text[],array,..."`), in every `--types` mode — the
+`SqlXxxArray` wrapper types are never used, since bun's pgdialect scans/appends
+native slices directly. Regardless of NOT NULL, unless `--array-nullable
+pointer_slice` is set — see [NullableArrays](#nullablearrays) below.
+
 \* In sqltypes mode, NOT NULL timestamps use `SqlTimeStamp` (not `time.Time`) unless the base type is a simple integer or boolean. In stdlib mode, NOT NULL timestamps use `time.Time`.
 
 ## Writer Options
@@ -174,6 +180,34 @@ options := &writers.WriterOptions{
 }
 ```
 
+### NullableArrays
+
+Controls how nullable PostgreSQL array columns are represented in stdlib/baselib
+`--types` mode (no effect in `sqltypes` mode, which always uses the `SqlXxxArray`
+wrapper types). Set via the `--array-nullable` CLI flag or `WriterOptions.NullableArrays`:
+
+```go
+// Default: every array column is a plain slice, e.g. []string.
+// SQL NULL and '{}' both scan into a nil/zero-length slice, so callers
+// cannot distinguish them.
+options := &writers.WriterOptions{
+    NullableArrays: writers.NullableArraysSlice,
+}
+
+// Nullable array columns become a pointer to a slice, e.g. *[]string.
+// A nil pointer means SQL NULL; a non-nil pointer to an empty slice
+// means '{}'. NOT NULL array columns are unaffected and stay plain slices.
+options := &writers.WriterOptions{
+    NullableArrays: writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice,
+}
+```
+
+```
+tags []string   `bun:"tags,type:text[],notnull,"`   // NOT NULL, either mode
+tags []string   `bun:"tags,type:text[],nullzero,"`   // nullable, default (slice)
+tags *[]string  `bun:"tags,type:text[],nullzero,"`   // nullable, pointer_slice
+```
+
 ### Metadata Options
 
 ```go
@@ -248,7 +282,7 @@ Example `extra-fields.json`:
 - Model names are derived from table names (singularized, PascalCase)
 - Table aliases are auto-generated from table names
 - Nullable columns use plain Go pointer types (`*string`, `*time.Time`, …) by default; pass `--types sqltypes` to use `sql_types.SqlString`, `sql_types.SqlTimeStamp`, etc., or `--types stdlib` to use `sql.NullString`, `sql.NullTime`, etc.
-- Array columns use plain Go slices (`[]string`, `[]int32`, …) by default; `--types sqltypes` uses `sql_types.SqlStringArray`, `sql_types.SqlInt32Array`, etc.
+- Array columns always use plain Go slices (`[]string`, `[]int32`, …) with an explicit `array` bun tag, regardless of `--types`; pass `--array-nullable pointer_slice` to use `*[]string` etc. for nullable array columns.
 - Multi-file mode: one file per table named `sql_{schema}_{table}.go`
 - Generated code is auto-formatted
 - JSON tags are automatically added

pkg/writers/bun/array_integration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package bun_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
+	"github.com/uptrace/bun"
+	"github.com/uptrace/bun/dialect/pgdialect"
+)
+
+// TestBunArrayColumns_NativeSlice verifies against a live PostgreSQL
+// database (issue #13) that RelSpec's generated Bun array tags round-trip
+// correctly through Bun's own pgdialect for both NOT NULL and nullable
+// columns: NULL, '{}', and populated arrays must all scan and insert
+// without a "bun: Scan(unsupported ...)" error.
+//
+// Requires the RELSPEC_TEST_PG_CONN environment variable, e.g.:
+//
+//	RELSPEC_TEST_PG_CONN="postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/relspec_test?sslmode=disable"
+func TestBunArrayColumns_NativeSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	connStr := os.Getenv("RELSPEC_TEST_PG_CONN")
+	if connStr == "" {
+		t.Skip("Skipping Bun array integration test: RELSPEC_TEST_PG_CONN environment variable not set")
+	}
+
+	sqldb, err := sql.Open("pgx", connStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open connection: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer sqldb.Close()
+
+	db := bun.NewDB(sqldb, pgdialect.New())
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	type notNullArrayRow struct {
+		bun.BaseModel `bun:"table:relspec_test_arr_notnull"`
+		ID            int64    `bun:"id,pk,autoincrement"`
+		Tags          []string `bun:"tags,type:text[],notnull"`
+	}
+
+	type nullableArrayRow struct {
+		bun.BaseModel `bun:"table:relspec_test_arr_nullable"`
+		ID            int64     `bun:"id,pk,autoincrement"`
+		Tags          *[]string `bun:"tags,type:text[]"`
+	}
+
+	if _, err := db.NewDropTable().Model((*notNullArrayRow)(nil)).IfExists().Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("drop table: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.NewDropTable().Model((*nullableArrayRow)(nil)).IfExists().Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("drop table: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.NewCreateTable().Model((*notNullArrayRow)(nil)).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create not-null table: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.NewCreateTable().Model((*nullableArrayRow)(nil)).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create nullable table: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		db.NewDropTable().Model((*notNullArrayRow)(nil)).IfExists().Exec(ctx)
+		db.NewDropTable().Model((*nullableArrayRow)(nil)).IfExists().Exec(ctx)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not null populated array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		row := &notNullArrayRow{Tags: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}
+		if _, err := db.NewInsert().Model(row).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("insert: %v", err)
+		}
+		var out notNullArrayRow
+		if err := db.NewSelect().Model(&out).Where("id = ?", row.ID).Scan(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("select: %v", err)
+		}
+		if len(out.Tags) != 3 || out.Tags[0] != "a" || out.Tags[2] != "c" {
+			t.Errorf("Tags = %v, want [a b c]", out.Tags)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not null empty array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		row := &notNullArrayRow{Tags: []string{}}
+		if _, err := db.NewInsert().Model(row).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("insert: %v", err)
+		}
+		var out notNullArrayRow
+		if err := db.NewSelect().Model(&out).Where("id = ?", row.ID).Scan(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("select: %v", err)
+		}
+		if len(out.Tags) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("Tags = %v, want empty", out.Tags)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("nullable NULL", func(t *testing.T) {
+		row := &nullableArrayRow{Tags: nil}
+		if _, err := db.NewInsert().Model(row).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("insert: %v", err)
+		}
+		var out nullableArrayRow
+		if err := db.NewSelect().Model(&out).Where("id = ?", row.ID).Scan(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("select: %v", err)
+		}
+		if out.Tags != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Tags = %v, want nil (SQL NULL)", *out.Tags)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("nullable empty array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		empty := []string{}
+		row := &nullableArrayRow{Tags: &empty}
+		if _, err := db.NewInsert().Model(row).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("insert: %v", err)
+		}
+		var out nullableArrayRow
+		if err := db.NewSelect().Model(&out).Where("id = ?", row.ID).Scan(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("select: %v", err)
+		}
+		if out.Tags == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Tags = nil, want non-nil pointer to empty slice")
+		}
+		if len(*out.Tags) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("Tags = %v, want empty slice", *out.Tags)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("nullable populated array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tags := []string{"x", "y"}
+		row := &nullableArrayRow{Tags: &tags}
+		if _, err := db.NewInsert().Model(row).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("insert: %v", err)
+		}
+		var out nullableArrayRow
+		if err := db.NewSelect().Model(&out).Where("id = ?", row.ID).Scan(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("select: %v", err)
+		}
+		if out.Tags == nil || len(*out.Tags) != 2 || (*out.Tags)[0] != "x" {
+			t.Errorf("Tags = %v, want [x y]", out.Tags)
+		}
+	})
+}

pkg/writers/bun/template_data.go

@@ -220,8 +220,11 @@ func NewModelData(table *models.Table, schema string, typeMapper *TypeMapper, fl
 		Prefix:        GeneratePrefix(table.Name),
 	}
 
+	// Convert columns to fields (sorted by sequence or name)
+	columns := sortColumns(table.Columns)
+
 	// Find primary key
-	for _, col := range table.Columns {
+	for _, col := range columns {
 		if col.IsPrimaryKey {
 			// Sanitize column name to remove backticks
 			safeName := writers.SanitizeStructTagValue(col.Name)
@@ -240,8 +243,6 @@ func NewModelData(table *models.Table, schema string, typeMapper *TypeMapper, fl
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Convert columns to fields (sorted by sequence or name)
-	columns := sortColumns(table.Columns)
 	for _, col := range columns {
 		field := columnToField(col, table, typeMapper)
 		// Check for name collision with generated methods and rename if needed
@@ -335,6 +336,21 @@ func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constr
 	return result
 }
 
+// sortIndexes sorts indexes by sequence, then by name
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
 // sortColumns sorts columns by sequence, then by name
 func sortColumns(columns map[string]*models.Column) []*models.Column {
 	result := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(columns))

pkg/writers/bun/type_mapper.go

@@ -13,26 +13,37 @@ import (
 type TypeMapper struct {
 	sqlTypesAlias string
 	typeStyle     string // writers.NullableTypeSqlTypes | writers.NullableTypeStdlib | writers.NullableTypeBaselib
+	arrayNullable string // writers.NullableArraysSlice | writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice
 }
 
 // NewTypeMapper creates a new TypeMapper.
 // typeStyle should be writers.NullableTypeSqlTypes, writers.NullableTypeStdlib, or
 // writers.NullableTypeBaselib; an empty string defaults to baselib.
-func NewTypeMapper(typeStyle string) *TypeMapper {
+// arrayNullable should be writers.NullableArraysSlice or
+// writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice; an empty string defaults to slice.
+func NewTypeMapper(typeStyle, arrayNullable string) *TypeMapper {
 	if typeStyle == "" {
 		typeStyle = writers.NullableTypeBaselib
 	}
+	if arrayNullable == "" {
+		arrayNullable = writers.NullableArraysSlice
+	}
 	return &TypeMapper{
 		sqlTypesAlias: "sql_types",
 		typeStyle:     typeStyle,
+		arrayNullable: arrayNullable,
 	}
 }
 
 // SQLTypeToGoType converts a SQL type to its Go equivalent.
 func (tm *TypeMapper) SQLTypeToGoType(sqlType string, notNull bool) string {
-	// Array types are handled separately for both styles.
+	// Array columns always use a native Go slice, regardless of typeStyle.
 	if pgsql.IsArrayType(sqlType) {
-		return tm.arrayGoType(tm.extractBaseType(sqlType))
+		goType := tm.arrayGoType(tm.extractBaseType(sqlType))
+		if !notNull && tm.arrayNullable == writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice {
+			goType = "*" + goType
+		}
+		return goType
 	}
 
 	baseType := tm.extractBaseType(sqlType)
@@ -188,34 +199,13 @@ func (tm *TypeMapper) bunGoType(sqlType string) string {
 
 // arrayGoType returns the Go type for a PostgreSQL array column.
 // The baseElemType is the canonical base type (e.g. "text", "integer").
+//
+// Array columns always use a plain native Go slice, even in sqltypes mode:
+// bun's pgdialect scans native slices directly, and the SqlXxxArray wrapper
+// types are not usable as array columns (their Scan/Append are bypassed
+// whenever the "array" bun tag is set, which is required for arrays).
 func (tm *TypeMapper) arrayGoType(baseElemType string) string {
-	if tm.typeStyle == writers.NullableTypeStdlib || tm.typeStyle == writers.NullableTypeBaselib {
-		return tm.stdlibArrayGoType(baseElemType)
-	}
-	typeMap := map[string]string{
-		"text": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray", "varchar": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray",
-		"char": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray", "character": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray",
-		"citext": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray", "bpchar": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray",
-		"inet": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray", "cidr": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray",
-		"macaddr": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray",
-		"json":    tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray", "jsonb": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray",
-		"integer": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt32Array", "int": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt32Array",
-		"int4": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt32Array", "serial": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt32Array",
-		"smallint": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt16Array", "int2": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt16Array",
-		"smallserial": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt16Array",
-		"bigint":      tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt64Array", "int8": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt64Array",
-		"bigserial": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlInt64Array",
-		"real":      tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlFloat32Array", "float4": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlFloat32Array",
-		"double precision": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlFloat64Array", "float8": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlFloat64Array",
-		"numeric": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlFloat64Array", "decimal": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlFloat64Array",
-		"money":   tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlFloat64Array",
-		"boolean": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlBoolArray", "bool": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlBoolArray",
-		"uuid": tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlUUIDArray",
-	}
-	if goType, ok := typeMap[baseElemType]; ok {
-		return goType
-	}
-	return tm.sqlTypesAlias + ".SqlStringArray"
+	return tm.stdlibArrayGoType(baseElemType)
 }
 
 // rawGoType returns the plain Go type for a NOT NULL column in stdlib mode.
@@ -361,7 +351,7 @@ func (tm *TypeMapper) BuildBunTag(column *models.Column, table *models.Table) st
 			}
 		}
 		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("type:%s", typeStr))
-		if isArray && tm.typeStyle == writers.NullableTypeStdlib {
+		if isArray {
 			parts = append(parts, "array")
 		}
 	}
@@ -393,7 +383,7 @@ func (tm *TypeMapper) BuildBunTag(column *models.Column, table *models.Table) st
 
 	// Check for indexes (unique indexes should be added to tag)
 	if table != nil {
-		for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+		for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 			if !index.Unique {
 				continue
 			}

pkg/writers/bun/writer.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type Writer struct {
 func NewWriter(options *writers.WriterOptions) *Writer {
 	w := &Writer{
 		options:    options,
-		typeMapper: NewTypeMapper(options.NullableTypes),
+		typeMapper: NewTypeMapper(options.NullableTypes, options.NullableArrays),
 		config:     LoadMethodConfigFromMetadata(options.Metadata),
 	}
 

pkg/writers/bun/writer_test.go

@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ func TestWriter_FieldNameCollision(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestTypeMapper_SQLTypeToGoType_Bun(t *testing.T) {
-	mapper := NewTypeMapper("")
+	mapper := NewTypeMapper("", "")
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		sqlType string
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ func TestWriter_StringPrimaryKeyHelpers_Bun(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag(t *testing.T) {
-	mapper := NewTypeMapper("")
+	mapper := NewTypeMapper("", "")
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name   string
@@ -827,29 +827,115 @@ func TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Errorf("BuildBunTag() = %q, missing %q", result, part)
 				}
 			}
-			// sqltypes mode must NOT add "array" — SqlXxxArray uses sql.Scanner
-			if strings.Contains(result, ",array,") || strings.HasSuffix(result, ",array,") {
-				t.Errorf("BuildBunTag() = %q, must not contain 'array' in sqltypes mode", result)
+			// Array columns always carry the "array" tag, telling bun's
+			// pgdialect to scan/append the native Go slice as a PostgreSQL array.
+			if strings.HasSuffix(tt.column.Type, "[]") && !strings.Contains(result, ",array,") {
+				t.Errorf("BuildBunTag() = %q, expected 'array' tag", result)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-func TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag_StdlibArrayHasArrayTag(t *testing.T) {
-	mapper := NewTypeMapper(writers.NullableTypeStdlib)
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name   string
-		column *models.Column
-	}{
-		{name: "text array", column: &models.Column{Name: "tags", Type: "text[]"}},
-		{name: "integer array", column: &models.Column{Name: "scores", Type: "integer[]", NotNull: true}},
+// TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag_MultipleUniqueIndexesDeterministic verifies that
+// when a column belongs to more than one unique index, the "unique:" tag
+// fragments always appear in the same order across repeated calls, instead
+// of following Go's randomized map iteration order over Table.Indexes.
+func TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag_MultipleUniqueIndexesDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	mapper := NewTypeMapper("", "")
+	table := &models.Table{
+		Name: "accounts",
+		Indexes: map[string]*models.Index{
+			"idx_z_accounts_email_tenant": {
+				Name:    "idx_z_accounts_email_tenant",
+				Columns: []string{"email", "tenant_id"},
+				Unique:  true,
+			},
+			"idx_a_accounts_email_region": {
+				Name:    "idx_a_accounts_email_region",
+				Columns: []string{"email", "region_id"},
+				Unique:  true,
+			},
+		},
 	}
+	column := &models.Column{Name: "email", Type: "varchar", Length: 255, NotNull: true}
+
+	first := mapper.BuildBunTag(column, table)
+	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+		got := mapper.BuildBunTag(column, table)
+		if got != first {
+			t.Fatalf("BuildBunTag() is non-deterministic across calls: %q vs %q", first, got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	wantOrder := "unique:idx_a_accounts_email_region,unique:idx_z_accounts_email_tenant,"
+	if !strings.Contains(first, wantOrder) {
+		t.Errorf("BuildBunTag() = %q, want unique tags sorted by index name: %q", first, wantOrder)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag_ArraysAreNativeInEveryMode verifies that array
+// columns always use a plain "text[]"-style type and the native Go slice
+// type plus an explicit "array" tag, regardless of NullableTypes style
+// (sqltypes/stdlib/baselib). bun's pgdialect scans/appends native slices
+// directly; the SqlXxxArray wrapper types are never used for array columns.
+func TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag_ArraysAreNativeInEveryMode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, style := range []string{writers.NullableTypeSqlTypes, writers.NullableTypeStdlib, writers.NullableTypeBaselib} {
+		t.Run(style, func(t *testing.T) {
+			mapper := NewTypeMapper(style, "")
+
+			cases := []struct {
+				name       string
+				column     *models.Column
+				wantSubstr string
+			}{
+				{name: "text array", column: &models.Column{Name: "tags", Type: "text[]"}, wantSubstr: "type:text[],array,"},
+				{name: "varchar array", column: &models.Column{Name: "labels", Type: "varchar[]"}, wantSubstr: "type:varchar[],array,"},
+				{name: "integer array", column: &models.Column{Name: "scores", Type: "integer[]", NotNull: true}, wantSubstr: "type:integer[],array,"},
+				{name: "boolean array", column: &models.Column{Name: "flags", Type: "boolean[]"}, wantSubstr: "type:boolean[],array,"},
+				{name: "uuid array", column: &models.Column{Name: "ids", Type: "uuid[]"}, wantSubstr: "type:uuid[],array,"},
+			}
+			for _, tt := range cases {
+				t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+					result := mapper.BuildBunTag(tt.column, nil)
+					if !strings.Contains(result, tt.wantSubstr) {
+						t.Errorf("BuildBunTag() = %q, missing %q", result, tt.wantSubstr)
+					}
+					goType := mapper.SQLTypeToGoType(tt.column.Type, tt.column.NotNull)
+					if strings.Contains(goType, "sql_types") {
+						t.Errorf("SQLTypeToGoType() = %q, array columns must use a native Go slice, not an sql_types wrapper", goType)
+					}
+				})
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTypeMapper_SQLTypeToGoType_ArrayNullable verifies that nullable array
+// columns become a pointer-to-slice when NullableArrays is
+// "pointer_slice", so callers can distinguish SQL NULL (nil pointer) from
+// '{}' (pointer to an empty slice); NOT NULL columns are unaffected.
+func TestTypeMapper_SQLTypeToGoType_ArrayNullable(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name          string
+		typeStyle     string
+		arrayNullable string
+		sqlType       string
+		notNull       bool
+		want          string
+	}{
+		{name: "baselib nullable slice (default)", typeStyle: writers.NullableTypeBaselib, arrayNullable: "", sqlType: "text[]", notNull: false, want: "[]string"},
+		{name: "baselib nullable pointer_slice", typeStyle: writers.NullableTypeBaselib, arrayNullable: writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice, sqlType: "text[]", notNull: false, want: "*[]string"},
+		{name: "baselib not null pointer_slice unaffected", typeStyle: writers.NullableTypeBaselib, arrayNullable: writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice, sqlType: "text[]", notNull: true, want: "[]string"},
+		{name: "stdlib nullable pointer_slice", typeStyle: writers.NullableTypeStdlib, arrayNullable: writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice, sqlType: "integer[]", notNull: false, want: "*[]int32"},
+		{name: "sqltypes nullable pointer_slice (arrays are always native)", typeStyle: writers.NullableTypeSqlTypes, arrayNullable: writers.NullableArraysPointerSlice, sqlType: "text[]", notNull: false, want: "*[]string"},
+	}
+
 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			result := mapper.BuildBunTag(tt.column, nil)
-			if !strings.Contains(result, "array") {
-				t.Errorf("BuildBunTag() = %q, expected 'array' in stdlib mode", result)
+			mapper := NewTypeMapper(tt.typeStyle, tt.arrayNullable)
+			got := mapper.SQLTypeToGoType(tt.sqlType, tt.notNull)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("SQLTypeToGoType(%q, %v) = %q, want %q", tt.sqlType, tt.notNull, got, tt.want)
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -1016,7 +1102,7 @@ func TestExtraFields_InMultiFile(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestTypeMapper_BuildBunTag_PreservesExplicitTypeModifiers(t *testing.T) {
-	mapper := NewTypeMapper("")
+	mapper := NewTypeMapper("", "")
 
 	col := &models.Column{
 		Name:      "embedding",

pkg/writers/dbml/writer.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package dbml
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ func (w *Writer) databaseToDBML(d *models.Database) string {
 	sb.WriteString("\n// Relationships\n")
 	for _, schema := range d.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-			for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+			for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 				if constraint.Type == models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 					sb.WriteString(w.constraintToDBML(constraint, table))
 				}
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ func (w *Writer) tableToDBML(t *models.Table) string {
 	tableName := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", t.Schema, t.Name)
 	fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "Table %s {\n", tableName)
 
-	for _, column := range t.Columns {
+	for _, column := range sortColumns(t.Columns) {
 		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "  %s %s", column.Name, column.Type)
 
 		var attrs []string
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ func (w *Writer) tableToDBML(t *models.Table) string {
 
 	if len(t.Indexes) > 0 {
 		sb.WriteString("\n  indexes {\n")
-		for _, index := range t.Indexes {
+		for _, index := range sortIndexes(t.Indexes) {
 			var indexAttrs []string
 			if index.Unique {
 				indexAttrs = append(indexAttrs, "unique")
@@ -230,3 +231,48 @@ func (w *Writer) constraintToDBML(c *models.Constraint, t *models.Table) string
 
 	return refLine + "\n"
 }
+
+// sortColumns returns columns sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortColumns(columns map[string]*models.Column) []*models.Column {
+	result := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(columns))
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		result = append(result, col)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortConstraints returns constraints sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constraint {
+	result := make([]*models.Constraint, 0, len(constraints))
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		result = append(result, c)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortIndexes returns indexes sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}

pkg/writers/dctx/writer.go

@@ -66,7 +66,14 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteSchema(schema *models.Schema) error {
 
 	// Add table-level relationships
 	for _, table := range tableSlice {
-		for _, rel := range table.Relationships {
+		relNames := make([]string, 0, len(table.Relationships))
+		for name := range table.Relationships {
+			relNames = append(relNames, name)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(relNames)
+
+		for _, relName := range relNames {
+			rel := table.Relationships[relName]
 			// Check if this relationship is already in the list (avoid duplicates)
 			isDuplicate := false
 			for _, existing := range allRelations {

pkg/writers/drawdb/writer.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"sort"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/writers"
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ func (w *Writer) databaseToDrawDB(d *models.Database) *DrawDBSchema {
 	// Add relationships
 	for _, schemaModel := range d.Schemas {
 		for _, table := range schemaModel.Tables {
-			for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+			for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 				if constraint.Type == models.ForeignKeyConstraint && constraint.ReferencedTable != "" {
 					startTableKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", schemaModel.Name, table.Name)
 					endTableKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", constraint.ReferencedSchema, constraint.ReferencedTable)
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ func (w *Writer) convertTableToDrawDB(table *models.Table, schemaName string, ta
 	}
 
 	// Add fields
-	for _, column := range table.Columns {
+	for _, column := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 		field := &DrawDBField{
 			ID:        fieldID,
 			Name:      column.Name,
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ func (w *Writer) convertTableToDrawDB(table *models.Table, schemaName string, ta
 
 	// Add indexes
 	indexID := 0
-	for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+	for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 		drawIndex := &DrawDBIndex{
 			ID:     indexID,
 			Name:   index.Name,
@@ -393,3 +394,48 @@ func getColorForIndex(index int) string {
 	}
 	return colors[index%len(colors)]
 }
+
+// sortColumns returns columns sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortColumns(columns map[string]*models.Column) []*models.Column {
+	result := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(columns))
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		result = append(result, col)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortConstraints returns constraints sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constraint {
+	result := make([]*models.Constraint, 0, len(constraints))
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		result = append(result, c)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortIndexes returns indexes sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}

pkg/writers/drizzle/writer.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ func (w *Writer) buildTableData(table *models.Table, schema *models.Schema, db *
 	indexColumnFields := make(map[string]bool)
 
 	// Add indexes (excluding single-column unique indexes, which are handled inline)
-	for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+	for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 		// Skip single-column unique indexes (handled by .unique() modifier)
 		if index.Unique && len(index.Columns) == 1 {
 			continue
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ func (w *Writer) buildTableData(table *models.Table, schema *models.Schema, db *
 	}
 
 	// Add multi-column unique constraints as unique indexes
-	for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+	for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 		if constraint.Type == models.UniqueConstraint && len(constraint.Columns) > 1 {
 			// Create a unique index for this constraint
 			indexData := &IndexData{
@@ -316,6 +317,36 @@ func (w *Writer) buildTableData(table *models.Table, schema *models.Schema, db *
 	return tableData
 }
 
+// sortIndexes returns indexes sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortConstraints returns constraints sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constraint {
+	result := make([]*models.Constraint, 0, len(constraints))
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		result = append(result, c)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
 // sortStrings sorts a slice of strings in place
 func sortStrings(strs []string) {
 	for i := 0; i < len(strs); i++ {
@@ -422,7 +453,8 @@ func (w *Writer) getTableEnumNames(table *models.Table, schema *models.Schema, e
 	enumNames := make([]string, 0)
 	seen := make(map[string]bool)
 
-	for _, col := range table.Columns {
+	for _, colName := range w.getSortedColumnNames(table) {
+		col := table.Columns[colName]
 		if enumMap[col.Type] || enumMap[strings.ToLower(col.Type)] {
 			// Find the enum in schema
 			for _, enum := range schema.Enums {

pkg/writers/gorm/template_data.go

@@ -134,8 +134,11 @@ func NewModelData(table *models.Table, schema string, typeMapper *TypeMapper, fl
 		Prefix:        GeneratePrefix(table.Name),
 	}
 
+	// Convert columns to fields (sorted by sequence or name)
+	columns := sortColumns(table.Columns)
+
 	// Find primary key
-	for _, col := range table.Columns {
+	for _, col := range columns {
 		if col.IsPrimaryKey {
 			// Sanitize column name to remove backticks
 			safeName := writers.SanitizeStructTagValue(col.Name)
@@ -153,8 +156,6 @@ func NewModelData(table *models.Table, schema string, typeMapper *TypeMapper, fl
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Convert columns to fields (sorted by sequence or name)
-	columns := sortColumns(table.Columns)
 	for _, col := range columns {
 		field := columnToField(col, table, typeMapper)
 		// Check for name collision with generated methods and rename if needed
@@ -248,6 +249,21 @@ func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constr
 	return result
 }
 
+// sortIndexes sorts indexes by sequence, then by name
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
 // sortColumns sorts columns by sequence, then by name
 func sortColumns(columns map[string]*models.Column) []*models.Column {
 	result := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(columns))

pkg/writers/gorm/type_mapper.go

@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ func (tm *TypeMapper) BuildGormTag(column *models.Column, table *models.Table) s
 
 	// Check for unique constraint
 	if table != nil {
-		for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 			if constraint.Type == models.UniqueConstraint {
 				for _, col := range constraint.Columns {
 					if col == column.Name {
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ func (tm *TypeMapper) BuildGormTag(column *models.Column, table *models.Table) s
 		}
 
 		// Check for index
-		for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+		for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 			for _, col := range index.Columns {
 				if col == column.Name {
 					if index.Unique {

pkg/writers/gorm/writer_test.go

@@ -757,3 +757,48 @@ func TestTypeMapper_BuildGormTag_PreservesExplicitTypeModifiers(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("type modifier appears duplicated in %q", tag)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestTypeMapper_BuildGormTag_MultipleUniqueIndexesDeterministic verifies
+// that when a column belongs to a unique constraint and more than one
+// unique index, the "uniqueIndex:" tag fragments always appear in the same
+// order across repeated calls, instead of following Go's randomized map
+// iteration order over Table.Constraints and Table.Indexes.
+func TestTypeMapper_BuildGormTag_MultipleUniqueIndexesDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	mapper := NewTypeMapper("")
+	table := &models.Table{
+		Name: "accounts",
+		Constraints: map[string]*models.Constraint{
+			"uq_z_accounts_email": {
+				Name:    "uq_z_accounts_email",
+				Type:    models.UniqueConstraint,
+				Columns: []string{"email"},
+			},
+		},
+		Indexes: map[string]*models.Index{
+			"idx_z_accounts_email_tenant": {
+				Name:    "idx_z_accounts_email_tenant",
+				Columns: []string{"email", "tenant_id"},
+				Unique:  true,
+			},
+			"idx_a_accounts_email_region": {
+				Name:    "idx_a_accounts_email_region",
+				Columns: []string{"email", "region_id"},
+				Unique:  true,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	column := &models.Column{Name: "email", Type: "varchar", Length: 255, NotNull: true}
+
+	first := mapper.BuildGormTag(column, table)
+	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+		got := mapper.BuildGormTag(column, table)
+		if got != first {
+			t.Fatalf("BuildGormTag() is non-deterministic across calls: %q vs %q", first, got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	wantOrder := "uniqueIndex:uq_z_accounts_email;uniqueIndex:idx_a_accounts_email_region;uniqueIndex:idx_z_accounts_email_tenant"
+	if !strings.Contains(first, wantOrder) {
+		t.Errorf("BuildGormTag() = %q, want uniqueIndex tags sorted (constraint before indexes, indexes by name): %q", first, wantOrder)
+	}
+}

pkg/writers/graphql/writer.go

@@ -233,7 +233,8 @@ func (w *Writer) tableToGraphQL(table *models.Table, db *models.Database, schema
 	// Add relation fields
 	relationFields = w.generateRelationFields(table, db, schema)
 
-	// Write fields in order: ID, scalars (sorted), relations (sorted)
+	// Write fields in order: ID (sorted), scalars (sorted), relations (sorted)
+	sort.Strings(idFields)
 	for _, field := range idFields {
 		sb.WriteString(field + "\n")
 	}

pkg/writers/pgsql/README.md

@@ -169,7 +169,9 @@ When `include_audit` is enabled, adds:
 - Constraint actions (CASCADE, RESTRICT, SET NULL)
 - Partial indexes
 - Function-based indexes
+- Concurrent index creation (`CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY`) via `Index.Concurrent`
 - Check constraints with expressions
+- Extension types and indexes: PostGIS, pgvector, citext, hstore, ltree (see below)
 
 ## Data Types
 
@@ -185,6 +187,108 @@ Supports all PostgreSQL data types:
 - Network: INET, CIDR, MACADDR
 - Special: ARRAY, HSTORE
 
+## Extension Types (PostGIS, pgvector)
+
+Extension column types are preserved verbatim, including their type modifier:
+
+| Type | Example column type | Extension |
+|------|---------------------|-----------|
+| PostGIS | `geometry(Point,4326)`, `geography(Point)`, `box2d`, `raster` | `postgis`, `postgis_raster`, `postgis_topology` |
+| pgvector | `vector(1536)`, `halfvec(768)`, `sparsevec(1000)` | `vector` |
+| Other | `citext`, `hstore`, `ltree` | `citext`, `hstore`, `ltree` |
+
+`CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS <ext>;` is emitted automatically for every extension the
+schema needs. See [Extensions](#extensions).
+
+### Extension Indexes
+
+`Index.Type` selects the access method: `gist`, `spgist`, `brin` (PostGIS), `hnsw`, `ivfflat`
+(pgvector), `vchordrq`, `vchordg` (VectorChord), `bm25` (pg_search).
+
+Operator class and access-method parameters ride in `Index.Comment`:
+
+```
+opclass=vector_l2_ops; with (lists=100)
+```
+
+- `opclass=<name>` — used only when compatible with the column type; otherwise ignored.
+  Bare operator class names in the comment (e.g. `gin_trgm_ops`) are also recognized.
+- `with (k=v, …)` — rendered as `WITH (k = v, …)`. Only well-formed `key = value` pairs are
+  kept, so comment prose never reaches the DDL. Values may be bare (`lists=100`), quoted
+  (`key_field='id'`), or dollar-quoted (`options=$$[build.internal]$$`).
+
+Defaults when no operator class is requested:
+
+| Access method | Column type | Emitted operator class |
+|---------------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `hnsw`, `ivfflat`, `vchordrq`, `vchordg` | `vector` / `halfvec` / `sparsevec` / `bit` | `vector_cosine_ops` / `halfvec_cosine_ops` / `sparsevec_cosine_ops` / `bit_hamming_ops` |
+| `gist`, `spgist`, `brin` | `geometry`, `geography` | none (PostGIS default operator class) |
+| `gin` | text / `jsonb` / array | `gin_trgm_ops` / `jsonb_ops` / `array_ops` |
+
+pgvector defines no default operator class, so a vector index always names one.
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_documents_embedding
+  ON public.documents USING ivfflat (embedding vector_cosine_ops) WITH (lists = 100);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_documents_location
+  ON public.documents USING gist (location);
+```
+
+Migrations only recreate an index when both sides specify a hint and they differ, so a model
+without hints does not churn against a live database.
+
+## Extensions
+
+`CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS <ext>;` is emitted per schema, deduplicated and ordered so
+dependencies come first (`postgis` before `postgis_topology`/`postgis_raster`/`pgrouting`,
+`vector` before `vchord`). Names needing quoting are quoted: `CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "uuid-ossp";`
+
+### Detection
+
+| Source | Example | Extension |
+|--------|---------|-----------|
+| Column type | `vector(1536)`, `geometry(Point,4326)`, `citext`, `ltree` | `vector`, `postgis`, `citext`, `ltree` |
+| Index access method | `hnsw`, `ivfflat` / `vchordrq`, `vchordg` / `bm25` | `vector` / `vchord` / `pg_search` |
+| Operator class | `gin_trgm_ops`, `gist_ltree_ops` | `pg_trgm`, `ltree` |
+| GIN/GiST on a scalar type | `USING gin (views)` | `btree_gin` / `btree_gist` |
+| Function in a default, CHECK, index `WHERE`, or view body | `uuid_generate_v4()`, `crypt()`, `ST_Area()`, `unaccent()`, `json_matches_schema()` | `uuid-ossp`, `pgcrypto`, `postgis`, `unaccent`, `pg_jsonschema` |
+
+`gen_random_uuid()` is built in since PostgreSQL 13 and does not pull in `pgcrypto`.
+
+### Declaring extensions explicitly
+
+Extensions that leave no trace in the schema go in `schema.Metadata["extensions"]`, as a list
+or a comma-separated string. Dependencies are pulled in automatically; unknown names are kept
+as given. The PostgreSQL reader populates this from `pg_extension` for the schemas it reads.
+
+```yaml
+metadata:
+  extensions: [pg_cron, timescaledb, pg_stat_statements]
+```
+
+### Recognized extensions
+
+| Category | Extensions |
+|----------|------------|
+| ai/search | `vector`, `vchord` |
+| document | `hstore`, `ltree` |
+| federation | `postgres_fdw` |
+| geospatial | `postgis`, `postgis_raster`, `postgis_topology`, `pgrouting` |
+| indexing | `btree_gin`, `btree_gist` |
+| integration | `http` |
+| integrity | `amcheck` |
+| jobs / scheduling | `pg_background`, `pg_cron` |
+| maintenance | `pg_repack`, `pgstattuple` |
+| observability | `pg_qualstats`, `pg_stat_statements` |
+| partitioning | `pg_partman` |
+| procedural | `plpython3u` |
+| search | `pg_search`, `pg_textsearch` |
+| security | `pgcrypto` |
+| text | `citext`, `fuzzystrmatch`, `pg_trgm`, `unaccent` |
+| time-series | `timescaledb` |
+| utility | `uuid-ossp` |
+| validation | `pg_jsonschema` |
+
 ## Notes
 
 - Generated SQL is formatted and readable

pkg/writers/pgsql/extensions_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+package pgsql
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/writers"
+)
+
+// buildExtensionSchema returns a single-table schema the extension detection tests mutate.
+func buildExtensionSchema(t *testing.T) (*models.Schema, *models.Table) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	table := models.InitTable("documents", "public")
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	return schema, table
+}
+
+func addColumn(table *models.Table, name, sqlType string) *models.Column {
+	col := models.InitColumn(name, table.Name, table.Schema)
+	col.Type = sqlType
+	table.Columns[name] = col
+	return col
+}
+
+func TestRequiredExtensions_Detection(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		build func(schema *models.Schema, table *models.Table)
+		want  []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "no extensions",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) { addColumn(table, "id", "integer") },
+			want:  nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "column type",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "embedding", "vector(1536)")
+				addColumn(table, "name", "citext")
+			},
+			want: []string{"citext", "vector"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "column default function",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "id", "uuid").Default = "uuid_generate_v4()"
+			},
+			want: []string{"uuid-ossp"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "check constraint expression",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "geom", "geometry")
+				table.Constraints["chk_geom"] = &models.Constraint{
+					Name:       "chk_geom",
+					Type:       models.CheckConstraint,
+					Expression: "ST_IsValid(geom)",
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"postgis"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "partial index predicate",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "title", "text")
+				table.Indexes["idx_title"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_title",
+					Type:    "btree",
+					Columns: []string{"title"},
+					Where:   "similarity(title, 'x') > 0.3",
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"pg_trgm"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "view definition",
+			build: func(schema *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "title", "text")
+				schema.Views = append(schema.Views, &models.View{
+					Name:       "v_documents",
+					Schema:     "public",
+					Definition: "SELECT unaccent(title) FROM documents",
+				})
+			},
+			want: []string{"unaccent"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "index access method",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "body", "text")
+				table.Indexes["idx_body"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_body",
+					Type:    "bm25",
+					Columns: []string{"body"},
+					Comment: "with (key_field='id')",
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"pg_search"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "vchord depends on vector",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "embedding", "vector(3)")
+				table.Indexes["idx_embedding"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_embedding",
+					Type:    "vchordrq",
+					Columns: []string{"embedding"},
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"vector", "vchord"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "gin on scalar needs btree_gin",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "views", "integer")
+				table.Indexes["idx_views"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_views",
+					Type:    "gin",
+					Columns: []string{"views"},
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"btree_gin"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "gist on scalar needs btree_gist",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "views", "integer")
+				table.Indexes["idx_views"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_views",
+					Type:    "gist",
+					Columns: []string{"views"},
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"btree_gist"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "gist on geometry uses postgis operator classes",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "location", "geometry(Point,4326)")
+				table.Indexes["idx_location"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_location",
+					Type:    "gist",
+					Columns: []string{"location"},
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"postgis"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "gin on jsonb needs no companion",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "payload", "jsonb")
+				table.Indexes["idx_payload"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_payload",
+					Type:    "gin",
+					Columns: []string{"payload"},
+				}
+			},
+			want: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "gin on text uses pg_trgm",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "title", "text")
+				table.Indexes["idx_title"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_title",
+					Type:    "gin",
+					Columns: []string{"title"},
+				}
+			},
+			want: []string{"pg_trgm"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "gin on array needs no companion",
+			build: func(_ *models.Schema, table *models.Table) {
+				addColumn(table, "tags", "text[]")
+				table.Indexes["idx_tags"] = &models.Index{
+					Name:    "idx_tags",
+					Type:    "gin",
+					Columns: []string{"tags"},
+				}
+			},
+			want: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "declared in metadata as string",
+			build: func(schema *models.Schema, _ *models.Table) {
+				schema.Metadata = map[string]any{"extensions": "pg_cron, timescaledb"}
+			},
+			want: []string{"pg_cron", "timescaledb"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "declared in metadata as list",
+			build: func(schema *models.Schema, _ *models.Table) {
+				schema.Metadata = map[string]any{"extensions": []any{"postgis_topology", "pg_stat_statements"}}
+			},
+			// postgis is pulled in as a dependency of postgis_topology and emitted first.
+			want: []string{"pg_stat_statements", "postgis", "postgis_topology"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			schema, table := buildExtensionSchema(t)
+			tt.build(schema, table)
+
+			if got := requiredExtensions(schema); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("requiredExtensions() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRequiredExtensions_NilSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := requiredExtensions(nil); got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("requiredExtensions(nil) = %v, want nil", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_QuotesExtensionNames(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema, table := buildExtensionSchema(t)
+	addColumn(table, "id", "uuid").Default = "uuid_generate_v4()"
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, db)
+	if !strings.Contains(output, `CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "uuid-ossp";`) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected quoted extension name, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateSchemaStatements_ExtensionDependencyOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	schema, table := buildExtensionSchema(t)
+	addColumn(table, "embedding", "vector(3)")
+	table.Indexes["idx_embedding"] = &models.Index{
+		Name:    "idx_embedding",
+		Type:    "vchordrq",
+		Columns: []string{"embedding"},
+	}
+
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	statements, err := writer.GenerateSchemaStatements(schema)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GenerateSchemaStatements failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	joined := strings.Join(statements, "\n")
+	vector := strings.Index(joined, "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector")
+	vchord := strings.Index(joined, "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vchord")
+	if vector < 0 || vchord < 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected vector and vchord extensions, got:\n%s", joined)
+	}
+	if vector > vchord {
+		t.Fatalf("expected vector to be created before vchord, got:\n%s", joined)
+	}
+}

pkg/writers/pgsql/migration_writer.go

@@ -164,14 +164,14 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) WriteMigration(model *models.Database, current *models
 func (w *MigrationWriter) generateSchemaScripts(model *models.Schema, current *models.Schema) ([]MigrationScript, error) {
 	scripts := make([]MigrationScript, 0)
 
-	if schemaRequiresPGTrgm(model) {
+	for _, extension := range requiredExtensions(model) {
 		scripts = append(scripts, MigrationScript{
-			ObjectName: "extension.pg_trgm",
+			ObjectName: "extension." + extension,
 			ObjectType: "create extension",
 			Schema:     model.Name,
 			Priority:   80,
 			Sequence:   len(scripts),
-			Body:       "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_trgm;",
+			Body:       fmt.Sprintf("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS %s;", pgsql.QuoteExtensionName(extension)),
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -239,7 +239,8 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateDropScripts(model *models.Schema, current *mod
 		}
 
 		// Check each constraint in current database
-		for constraintName, currentConstraint := range currentTable.Constraints {
+		for _, currentConstraint := range sortConstraints(currentTable.Constraints) {
+			constraintName := currentConstraint.Name
 			modelConstraint, existsInModel := modelTable.Constraints[constraintName]
 
 			shouldDrop := false
@@ -252,7 +253,8 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateDropScripts(model *models.Schema, current *mod
 			if shouldDrop && currentConstraint.Type == models.PrimaryKeyConstraint {
 				// Drop FK constraints that depend on this PK before dropping the PK itself.
 				for _, otherTable := range current.Tables {
-					for fkName, fkConstraint := range otherTable.Constraints {
+					for _, fkConstraint := range sortConstraints(otherTable.Constraints) {
+						fkName := fkConstraint.Name
 						if fkConstraint.Type != models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 							continue
 						}
@@ -310,7 +312,8 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateDropScripts(model *models.Schema, current *mod
 		}
 
 		// Check indexes
-		for indexName, currentIndex := range currentTable.Indexes {
+		for _, currentIndex := range sortIndexes(currentTable.Indexes) {
+			indexName := currentIndex.Name
 			modelIndex, existsInModel := modelTable.Indexes[indexName]
 
 			shouldDrop := false
@@ -401,19 +404,12 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateAlterTableScripts(schema *models.Schema, model
 	}
 
 	// Check each model column
-	for _, modelCol := range modelTable.Columns {
+	for _, modelCol := range sortColumns(modelTable.Columns) {
 		currentCol, exists := currentColumns[strings.ToLower(modelCol.Name)]
 
 		if !exists {
 			// Column doesn't exist, add it
-			defaultVal := ""
-			if modelCol.Default != nil {
-				if value, ok := modelCol.Default.(string); ok {
-					defaultVal = writers.QuoteDefaultValue(value, modelCol.Type)
-				} else {
-					defaultVal = fmt.Sprintf("%v", modelCol.Default)
-				}
-			}
+			_, defaultVal := formatColumnDefaultSQL(modelCol)
 
 			sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteAddColumn(AddColumnData{
 				SchemaName: schema.Name,
@@ -439,12 +435,14 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateAlterTableScripts(schema *models.Schema, model
 		} else if !columnsEqual(modelCol, currentCol) {
 			// Column exists but properties changed
 			if !columnTypesEqual(modelCol, currentCol) {
-				sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnType(AlterColumnTypeData{
-					SchemaName: schema.Name,
-					TableName:  modelTable.Name,
-					ColumnName: modelCol.Name,
-					NewType:    effectiveAlterColumnSQLType(modelCol),
-					UsingExpr:  buildAlterColumnUsingExpression(modelCol.Name, effectiveAlterColumnSQLType(modelCol)),
+				newType := effectiveAlterColumnSQLType(modelCol)
+				sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnTypeWithCheck(AlterColumnTypeWithCheckData{
+					SchemaName:      schema.Name,
+					TableName:       modelTable.Name,
+					ColumnName:      modelCol.Name,
+					NewType:         newType,
+					EquivalentTypes: equivalentTypeListSQL(newType),
+					UsingExpr:       buildAlterColumnUsingExpression(modelCol.Name, newType),
 				})
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
@@ -462,18 +460,10 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateAlterTableScripts(schema *models.Schema, model
 			}
 
 			// Check default value changes
-			if fmt.Sprintf("%v", modelCol.Default) != fmt.Sprintf("%v", currentCol.Default) {
-				setDefault := modelCol.Default != nil
-				defaultVal := ""
-				if setDefault {
-					if value, ok := modelCol.Default.(string); ok {
-						defaultVal = writers.QuoteDefaultValue(value, modelCol.Type)
-					} else {
-						defaultVal = fmt.Sprintf("%v", modelCol.Default)
-					}
-				}
+			if !columnDefaultsEqual(modelCol.Default, currentCol.Default) {
+				setDefault, defaultVal := formatColumnDefaultSQL(modelCol)
 
-				sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnDefault(AlterColumnDefaultData{
+				sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnDefaultWithCheck(AlterColumnDefaultWithCheckData{
 					SchemaName:   schema.Name,
 					TableName:    modelTable.Name,
 					ColumnName:   modelCol.Name,
@@ -494,6 +484,29 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateAlterTableScripts(schema *models.Schema, model
 				}
 				scripts = append(scripts, script)
 			}
+
+			// Check nullability changes
+			if modelCol.NotNull != currentCol.NotNull {
+				sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnNullabilityWithCheck(AlterColumnNullabilityWithCheckData{
+					SchemaName: schema.Name,
+					TableName:  modelTable.Name,
+					ColumnName: modelCol.Name,
+					NotNull:    modelCol.NotNull,
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+
+				script := MigrationScript{
+					ObjectName: fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.%s", schema.Name, modelTable.Name, modelCol.Name),
+					ObjectType: "alter column nullability",
+					Schema:     schema.Name,
+					Priority:   145,
+					Sequence:   len(scripts),
+					Body:       sql,
+				}
+				scripts = append(scripts, script)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -518,7 +531,8 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateIndexScripts(model *models.Schema, current *mo
 
 		// Process primary keys first - check explicit constraints
 		foundExplicitPK := false
-		for constraintName, constraint := range modelTable.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(modelTable.Constraints) {
+			constraintName := constraint.Name
 			if constraint.Type == models.PrimaryKeyConstraint {
 				foundExplicitPK = true
 				shouldCreate := true
@@ -603,7 +617,8 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateIndexScripts(model *models.Schema, current *mo
 		}
 
 		// Process indexes
-		for indexName, modelIndex := range modelTable.Indexes {
+		for _, modelIndex := range sortIndexes(modelTable.Indexes) {
+			indexName := modelIndex.Name
 			// Skip primary key indexes
 			if strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(indexName), "pk_") {
 				continue
@@ -631,12 +646,14 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateIndexScripts(model *models.Schema, current *mo
 				}
 
 				sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteCreateIndex(CreateIndexData{
-					SchemaName: model.Name,
-					TableName:  modelTable.Name,
-					IndexName:  indexName,
-					IndexType:  indexType,
-					Columns:    strings.Join(columnExprs, ", "),
-					Unique:     modelIndex.Unique,
+					SchemaName:        model.Name,
+					TableName:         modelTable.Name,
+					IndexName:         indexName,
+					IndexType:         indexType,
+					Columns:           strings.Join(columnExprs, ", "),
+					Unique:            modelIndex.Unique,
+					Concurrent:        modelIndex.Concurrent,
+					StorageParameters: indexStorageParameters(modelIndex.Comment),
 				})
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
@@ -658,20 +675,31 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateIndexScripts(model *models.Schema, current *mo
 	return scripts, nil
 }
 
+// buildIndexColumnExpressions renders the column list of an index, appending the operator
+// class each column needs for the access method (GIN opclasses, pgvector distance ops,
+// explicitly requested PostGIS opclasses). Columns that cannot be resolved on the table are
+// emitted verbatim.
 func buildIndexColumnExpressions(table *models.Table, index *models.Index, indexType string) []string {
+	return buildIndexColumnExpressionsFiltered(table, index, indexType, false)
+}
+
+// buildIndexColumnExpressionsFiltered is buildIndexColumnExpressions with the option to drop
+// columns that do not exist on the table instead of emitting them verbatim.
+func buildIndexColumnExpressionsFiltered(table *models.Table, index *models.Index, indexType string, skipUnresolved bool) []string {
 	columnExprs := make([]string, 0, len(index.Columns))
 	for _, colName := range index.Columns {
-		colExpr := colName
-		if table != nil {
-			if col, ok := resolveIndexColumn(table, colName); ok && col != nil {
-				colExpr = col.SQLName()
-				if strings.EqualFold(indexType, "gin") {
-					opClass := ginOperatorClassForColumn(col, index.Comment)
-					if opClass != "" {
-						colExpr = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", col.SQLName(), opClass)
-					}
-				}
+		col, ok := resolveIndexColumn(table, colName)
+		if !ok || col == nil {
+			if skipUnresolved {
+				continue
 			}
+			columnExprs = append(columnExprs, colName)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		colExpr := col.SQLName()
+		if opClass := indexOperatorClassForColumn(col, indexType, index.Comment); opClass != "" {
+			colExpr = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", colExpr, opClass)
 		}
 		columnExprs = append(columnExprs, colExpr)
 	}
@@ -697,7 +725,8 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateForeignKeyScripts(model *models.Schema, curren
 		currentTable := currentTables[strings.ToLower(modelTable.Name)]
 
 		// Process each constraint
-		for constraintName, constraint := range modelTable.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(modelTable.Constraints) {
+			constraintName := constraint.Name
 			if constraint.Type != models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -787,7 +816,7 @@ func (w *MigrationWriter) generateCommentScripts(model *models.Schema, current *
 		}
 
 		// Column comments
-		for _, col := range modelTable.Columns {
+		for _, col := range sortColumns(modelTable.Columns) {
 			if col.Description != "" {
 				sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteCommentColumn(CommentColumnData{
 					SchemaName: model.Name,
@@ -940,7 +969,24 @@ func columnsEqual(col1, col2 *models.Column) bool {
 	}
 	return columnTypesEqual(col1, col2) &&
 		col1.NotNull == col2.NotNull &&
-		fmt.Sprintf("%v", col1.Default) == fmt.Sprintf("%v", col2.Default)
+		columnDefaultsEqual(col1.Default, col2.Default)
+}
+
+// columnDefaultsEqual compares column defaults for drift detection, stripping
+// MySQL-style backticks (e.g. from GORM tags) so a model default of
+// "`now()`" is recognised as equal to a live default of "now()".
+func columnDefaultsEqual(default1, default2 interface{}) bool {
+	return normalizeDefaultForCompare(default1) == normalizeDefaultForCompare(default2)
+}
+
+func normalizeDefaultForCompare(value interface{}) string {
+	if value == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if s, ok := value.(string); ok {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(stripBackticks(s))
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", value)
 }
 
 func columnTypesEqual(col1, col2 *models.Column) bool {
@@ -1012,5 +1058,19 @@ func indexesEqual(idx1, idx2 *models.Index) bool {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
-	return true
+	// Operator class and storage parameters ride along in the index comment. They only
+	// signal a difference when both sides specify one, so an index whose model side omits
+	// the hint is not recreated on every migration.
+	if !indexHintsEqual(extractOperatorClass(idx1.Comment), extractOperatorClass(idx2.Comment)) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return indexHintsEqual(indexStorageParameters(idx1.Comment), indexStorageParameters(idx2.Comment))
+}
+
+// indexHintsEqual compares two optional index hints, treating an unspecified hint as a match.
+func indexHintsEqual(hint1, hint2 string) bool {
+	if hint1 == "" || hint2 == "" {
+		return true
+	}
+	return strings.EqualFold(hint1, hint2)
 }

pkg/writers/pgsql/migration_writer_test.go

@@ -136,6 +136,89 @@ func TestWriteMigration_AltersColumnTypeWhenActualTypeDiffers(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWriteMigration_AltersColumnTypeFallsBackToRenameAndAddOnConversionFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	currentTable := models.InitTable("learnings", "public")
+	currentDetails := models.InitColumn("details", "learnings", "public")
+	currentDetails.Type = "varchar(50)"
+	currentTable.Columns["details"] = currentDetails
+	currentSchema.Tables = append(currentSchema.Tables, currentTable)
+	current.Schemas = append(current.Schemas, currentSchema)
+
+	model := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	modelSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	modelTable := models.InitTable("learnings", "public")
+	modelDetails := models.InitColumn("details", "learnings", "public")
+	modelDetails.Type = "integer"
+	modelTable.Columns["details"] = modelDetails
+	modelSchema.Tables = append(modelSchema.Tables, modelTable)
+	model.Schemas = append(model.Schemas, modelSchema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer, err := NewMigrationWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteMigration(model, current); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteMigration failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected migration to guard the type conversion with an exception handler, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "RENAME COLUMN details TO %I") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected migration to rename the old column (derived from the live type) on conversion failure, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "renamed_column := 'details_' || trim(both '_' from regexp_replace(lower(current_type)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected migration to derive the renamed column name from the live type, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "ADD COLUMN details integer") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected migration to add a fresh column with the new type on conversion failure, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteMigration_AltersColumnNullabilityWhenNotNullDiffers(t *testing.T) {
+	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	currentTable := models.InitTable("service_instance", "public")
+	currentType := models.InitColumn("rid_service_instance_type", "service_instance", "public")
+	currentType.Type = "text"
+	currentType.NotNull = true
+	currentTable.Columns["rid_service_instance_type"] = currentType
+	currentSchema.Tables = append(currentSchema.Tables, currentTable)
+	current.Schemas = append(current.Schemas, currentSchema)
+
+	model := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	modelSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	modelTable := models.InitTable("service_instance", "public")
+	modelType := models.InitColumn("rid_service_instance_type", "service_instance", "public")
+	modelType.Type = "text"
+	modelType.NotNull = false
+	modelTable.Columns["rid_service_instance_type"] = modelType
+	modelSchema.Tables = append(modelSchema.Tables, modelTable)
+	model.Schemas = append(model.Schemas, modelSchema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer, err := NewMigrationWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteMigration(model, current); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteMigration failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "ALTER COLUMN rid_service_instance_type DROP NOT NULL") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected migration to drop NOT NULL on existing column, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteMigration_UsesStorageTypeForSerialAlterStatements(t *testing.T) {
 	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
 	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
@@ -251,6 +334,46 @@ func TestWriteMigration_DoesNotAlterEquivalentNormalizedColumnType(t *testing.T)
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWriteMigration_ConcurrentIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	current.Schemas = append(current.Schemas, currentSchema)
+
+	model := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	modelSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("articles", "public")
+	titleCol := models.InitColumn("title", "articles", "public")
+	titleCol.Type = "text"
+	table.Columns["title"] = titleCol
+
+	index := &models.Index{
+		Name:       "idx_articles_title",
+		Columns:    []string{"title"},
+		Concurrent: true,
+	}
+	table.Indexes[index.Name] = index
+
+	modelSchema.Tables = append(modelSchema.Tables, table)
+	model.Schemas = append(model.Schemas, modelSchema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer, err := NewMigrationWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteMigration(model, current); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteMigration failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected CONCURRENTLY create index statement, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteMigration_GinIndexOnTextUsesTrigramOperatorClass(t *testing.T) {
 	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
 	currentSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
@@ -729,3 +852,93 @@ func TestWriteMigration_NilCurrentTreatsDatabaseAsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected CREATE TABLE in migration output, got:\n%s", output)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestWriteMigration_VectorAndPostGISIndexes(t *testing.T) {
+	current := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	current.Schemas = append(current.Schemas, models.InitSchema("public"))
+
+	model := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	modelSchema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("documents", "public")
+
+	embedding := models.InitColumn("embedding", "documents", "public")
+	embedding.Type = "vector(1536)"
+	table.Columns["embedding"] = embedding
+
+	location := models.InitColumn("location", "documents", "public")
+	location.Type = "geometry(Point,4326)"
+	table.Columns["location"] = location
+
+	table.Indexes["idx_documents_embedding"] = &models.Index{
+		Name:    "idx_documents_embedding",
+		Type:    "ivfflat",
+		Columns: []string{"embedding"},
+		Comment: "opclass=vector_cosine_ops; with (lists=100)",
+	}
+	table.Indexes["idx_documents_location"] = &models.Index{
+		Name:    "idx_documents_location",
+		Type:    "gist",
+		Columns: []string{"location"},
+	}
+
+	modelSchema.Tables = append(modelSchema.Tables, table)
+	model.Schemas = append(model.Schemas, modelSchema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer, err := NewMigrationWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create writer: %v", err)
+	}
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteMigration(model, current); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteMigration failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS postgis;",
+		"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;",
+		"vector(1536)",
+		"geometry(Point,4326)",
+		"USING ivfflat (embedding vector_cosine_ops) WITH (lists = 100)",
+		"USING gist (location)",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(output, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected migration to contain %q, got:\n%s", want, output)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndexesEqual_OperatorClassAndStorageParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	newIndex := func(comment string) *models.Index {
+		return &models.Index{
+			Name:    "idx_documents_embedding",
+			Type:    "hnsw",
+			Columns: []string{"embedding"},
+			Comment: comment,
+		}
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		comment1  string
+		comment2  string
+		wantEqual bool
+	}{
+		{"identical hints", "opclass=vector_l2_ops", "opclass=vector_l2_ops", true},
+		{"different operator class", "opclass=vector_l2_ops", "opclass=vector_cosine_ops", false},
+		{"different storage parameters", "with (m=16)", "with (m=32)", false},
+		{"unspecified hint on one side", "", "opclass=vector_l2_ops; with (m=16)", true},
+		{"unrelated comments", "primary lookup index", "primary lookup index", true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := indexesEqual(newIndex(tt.comment1), newIndex(tt.comment2)); got != tt.wantEqual {
+				t.Errorf("indexesEqual() = %v, want %v", got, tt.wantEqual)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/writers/pgsql/templates.go

@@ -89,15 +89,10 @@ type AddColumnData struct {
 	NotNull    bool
 }
 
-// AlterColumnTypeData contains data for alter column type template
-type AlterColumnTypeData struct {
-	SchemaName string
-	TableName  string
-	ColumnName string
-	NewType    string
-	UsingExpr  string
-}
-
+// AlterColumnTypeWithCheckData contains data for the guarded alter column
+// type template, which only alters existing columns whose live type
+// differs from the desired one, and falls back to renaming the old column
+// and adding a fresh one when the in-place conversion is not possible.
 type AlterColumnTypeWithCheckData struct {
 	SchemaName      string
 	TableName       string
@@ -107,8 +102,10 @@ type AlterColumnTypeWithCheckData struct {
 	UsingExpr       string
 }
 
-// AlterColumnDefaultData contains data for alter column default template
-type AlterColumnDefaultData struct {
+// AlterColumnDefaultWithCheckData contains data for the guarded alter
+// column default template, which only alters existing columns whose live
+// default differs from the desired one.
+type AlterColumnDefaultWithCheckData struct {
 	SchemaName   string
 	TableName    string
 	ColumnName   string
@@ -116,6 +113,16 @@ type AlterColumnDefaultData struct {
 	DefaultValue string
 }
 
+// AlterColumnNullabilityWithCheckData contains data for the guarded alter
+// column nullability template, which only alters existing columns whose
+// live NOT NULL state differs from the desired one.
+type AlterColumnNullabilityWithCheckData struct {
+	SchemaName string
+	TableName  string
+	ColumnName string
+	NotNull    bool
+}
+
 // CreatePrimaryKeyData contains data for create primary key template
 type CreatePrimaryKeyData struct {
 	SchemaName     string
@@ -132,6 +139,10 @@ type CreateIndexData struct {
 	IndexType  string
 	Columns    string
 	Unique     bool
+	Concurrent bool
+	// StorageParameters holds access-method parameters rendered as WITH (...),
+	// e.g. "lists = 100" for ivfflat or "m = 16, ef_construction = 64" for hnsw.
+	StorageParameters string
 }
 
 // CreateForeignKeyData contains data for create foreign key template
@@ -302,16 +313,9 @@ func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteAddColumn(data AddColumnData) (string, error)
 	return buf.String(), nil
 }
 
-// ExecuteAlterColumnType executes the alter column type template
-func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteAlterColumnType(data AlterColumnTypeData) (string, error) {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err := te.templates.ExecuteTemplate(&buf, "alter_column_type.tmpl", data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to execute alter_column_type template: %w", err)
-	}
-	return buf.String(), nil
-}
-
+// ExecuteAlterColumnTypeWithCheck executes the guarded alter column type
+// template shared by the full-schema writer and the diff-based migration
+// writer.
 func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteAlterColumnTypeWithCheck(data AlterColumnTypeWithCheckData) (string, error) {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	err := te.templates.ExecuteTemplate(&buf, "alter_column_type_with_check.tmpl", data)
@@ -321,12 +325,25 @@ func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteAlterColumnTypeWithCheck(data AlterColumnType
 	return buf.String(), nil
 }
 
-// ExecuteAlterColumnDefault executes the alter column default template
-func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteAlterColumnDefault(data AlterColumnDefaultData) (string, error) {
+// ExecuteAlterColumnDefaultWithCheck executes the guarded alter column
+// default template shared by the full-schema writer and the diff-based
+// migration writer.
+func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteAlterColumnDefaultWithCheck(data AlterColumnDefaultWithCheckData) (string, error) {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err := te.templates.ExecuteTemplate(&buf, "alter_column_default.tmpl", data)
+	err := te.templates.ExecuteTemplate(&buf, "alter_column_default_with_check.tmpl", data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to execute alter_column_default template: %w", err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to execute alter_column_default_with_check template: %w", err)
+	}
+	return buf.String(), nil
+}
+
+// ExecuteAlterColumnNullabilityWithCheck executes the guarded alter column
+// nullability template.
+func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteAlterColumnNullabilityWithCheck(data AlterColumnNullabilityWithCheckData) (string, error) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	err := te.templates.ExecuteTemplate(&buf, "alter_column_nullability_with_check.tmpl", data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to execute alter_column_nullability_with_check template: %w", err)
 	}
 	return buf.String(), nil
 }
@@ -517,7 +534,7 @@ func BuildCreateTableData(schemaName string, table *models.Table) CreateTableDat
 		}
 		if col.Default != nil {
 			if value, ok := col.Default.(string); ok {
-				colData.Default = writers.QuoteDefaultValue(value, col.Type)
+				colData.Default = writers.QuoteDefaultValue(stripBackticks(value), col.Type)
 			} else {
 				colData.Default = fmt.Sprintf("%v", col.Default)
 			}
@@ -545,7 +562,7 @@ func BuildAuditFunctionData(
 
 	// Build list of audited columns
 	auditedColumns := make([]*models.Column, 0)
-	for _, col := range table.Columns {
+	for _, col := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 		if col.Name == pk.Name {
 			continue
 		}

pkg/writers/pgsql/templates/alter_column_default.tmpl

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-{{- if .SetDefault -}}
-ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
-  ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} SET DEFAULT {{.DefaultValue}};
-{{- else -}}
-ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
-  ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} DROP DEFAULT;
-{{- end -}}

pkg/writers/pgsql/templates/alter_column_default_with_check.tmpl

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+  current_default text;
+BEGIN
+  SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid)
+    INTO current_default
+  FROM pg_attribute a
+  JOIN pg_class t ON t.oid = a.attrelid
+  JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.relnamespace
+  LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON d.adrelid = a.attrelid AND d.adnum = a.attnum
+  WHERE n.nspname = '{{.SchemaName}}'
+    AND t.relname = '{{.TableName}}'
+    AND a.attname = '{{.ColumnName}}'
+    AND a.attnum > 0
+    AND NOT a.attisdropped;
+
+{{- if .SetDefault }}
+  IF current_default IS DISTINCT FROM {{quote .DefaultValue}} THEN
+    ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
+      ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} SET DEFAULT {{.DefaultValue}};
+  END IF;
+{{- else }}
+  IF current_default IS NOT NULL THEN
+    ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
+      ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} DROP DEFAULT;
+  END IF;
+{{- end }}
+END;
+$$;

pkg/writers/pgsql/templates/alter_column_nullability_with_check.tmpl

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+  current_not_null boolean;
+BEGIN
+  SELECT a.attnotnull
+    INTO current_not_null
+  FROM pg_attribute a
+  JOIN pg_class t ON t.oid = a.attrelid
+  JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.relnamespace
+  WHERE n.nspname = '{{.SchemaName}}'
+    AND t.relname = '{{.TableName}}'
+    AND a.attname = '{{.ColumnName}}'
+    AND a.attnum > 0
+    AND NOT a.attisdropped;
+
+  IF current_not_null IS NOT NULL AND current_not_null IS DISTINCT FROM {{.NotNull}} THEN
+{{- if .NotNull }}
+    ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
+      ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} SET NOT NULL;
+{{- else }}
+    ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
+      ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} DROP NOT NULL;
+{{- end }}
+  END IF;
+END;
+$$;

pkg/writers/pgsql/templates/alter_column_type.tmpl

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
-  ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} TYPE {{.NewType}}{{if .UsingExpr}} USING {{.UsingExpr}}{{end}};

pkg/writers/pgsql/templates/alter_column_type_with_check.tmpl

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 DO $$
 DECLARE
   current_type text;
+  renamed_column text;
 BEGIN
   SELECT pg_catalog.format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod)
     INTO current_type
@@ -15,8 +16,15 @@ BEGIN
 
   IF current_type IS NOT NULL
      AND current_type <> ALL(ARRAY[{{.EquivalentTypes}}]) THEN
-    ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
-      ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} TYPE {{.NewType}}{{if .UsingExpr}} USING {{.UsingExpr}}{{end}};
+    BEGIN
+      ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
+        ALTER COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} TYPE {{.NewType}}{{if .UsingExpr}} USING {{.UsingExpr}}{{end}};
+    EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
+      renamed_column := '{{.ColumnName}}_' || trim(both '_' from regexp_replace(lower(current_type), '[^a-z0-9]+', '_', 'g'));
+      EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}} RENAME COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} TO %I', renamed_column);
+      ALTER TABLE {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}}
+        ADD COLUMN {{quote_ident .ColumnName}} {{.NewType}};
+    END;
   END IF;
 END;
 $$;

pkg/writers/pgsql/templates/create_index.tmpl

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-CREATE {{if .Unique}}UNIQUE {{end}}INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {{quote_ident .IndexName}}
-  ON {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}} USING {{.IndexType}} ({{.Columns}});
+CREATE {{if .Unique}}UNIQUE {{end}}INDEX {{if .Concurrent}}CONCURRENTLY {{end}}IF NOT EXISTS {{quote_ident .IndexName}}
+  ON {{qual_table .SchemaName .TableName}} USING {{.IndexType}} ({{.Columns}}){{if .StorageParameters}} WITH ({{.StorageParameters}}){{end}};

pkg/writers/pgsql/writer.go

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"regexp"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
@@ -147,8 +149,8 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 		statements = append(statements, fmt.Sprintf("CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS %s", schema.SQLName()))
 	}
 
-	if schemaRequiresPGTrgm(schema) {
-		statements = append(statements, `CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_trgm`)
+	for _, extension := range requiredExtensions(schema) {
+		statements = append(statements, fmt.Sprintf("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS %s", pgsql.QuoteExtensionName(extension)))
 	}
 
 	// Phase 2: Create sequences
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
 		// First check for explicit PrimaryKeyConstraint
 		var pkConstraint *models.Constraint
-		for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 			if constraint.Type == models.PrimaryKeyConstraint {
 				pkConstraint = constraint
 				break
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 
 	// Phase 5: Indexes
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+		for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 			// Skip primary key indexes
 			if strings.HasSuffix(index.Name, "_pkey") {
 				continue
@@ -271,18 +273,12 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 				indexType = "btree"
 			}
 
-			// Build column expressions with operator class support for GIN indexes
-			columnExprs := make([]string, 0, len(index.Columns))
-			for _, colName := range index.Columns {
-				colExpr := colName
-				if col, ok := resolveIndexColumn(table, colName); ok {
-					if strings.EqualFold(indexType, "gin") {
-						if opClass := ginOperatorClassForColumn(col, index.Comment); opClass != "" {
-							colExpr = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", colName, opClass)
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				columnExprs = append(columnExprs, colExpr)
+			// Build column expressions with operator class support (GIN, pgvector, PostGIS)
+			columnExprs := buildIndexColumnExpressions(table, index, indexType)
+
+			withClause := ""
+			if params := indexStorageParameters(index.Comment); params != "" {
+				withClause = fmt.Sprintf(" WITH (%s)", params)
 			}
 
 			whereClause := ""
@@ -290,15 +286,15 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 				whereClause = fmt.Sprintf(" WHERE %s", index.Where)
 			}
 
-			stmt := fmt.Sprintf("CREATE %sINDEX IF NOT EXISTS %s ON %s USING %s (%s)%s",
-				uniqueStr, quoteIdentifier(index.Name), w.qualTable(schema.SQLName(), table.SQLName()), indexType, strings.Join(columnExprs, ", "), whereClause)
+			stmt := fmt.Sprintf("CREATE %sINDEX IF NOT EXISTS %s ON %s USING %s (%s)%s%s",
+				uniqueStr, quoteIdentifier(index.Name), w.qualTable(schema.SQLName(), table.SQLName()), indexType, strings.Join(columnExprs, ", "), withClause, whereClause)
 			statements = append(statements, stmt)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Phase 5.5: Unique constraints
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 			if constraint.Type != models.UniqueConstraint {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -321,7 +317,7 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 
 	// Phase 5.7: Check constraints
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 			if constraint.Type != models.CheckConstraint {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -344,7 +340,7 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 
 	// Phase 6: Foreign keys
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 			if constraint.Type != models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -394,7 +390,7 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateSchemaStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, erro
 			statements = append(statements, stmt)
 		}
 
-		for _, column := range table.Columns {
+		for _, column := range sortColumns(table.Columns) {
 			if column.Comment != "" {
 				stmt := fmt.Sprintf("COMMENT ON COLUMN %s.%s IS '%s'",
 					w.qualTable(schema.SQLName(), table.SQLName()), column.SQLName(), escapeQuote(column.Comment))
@@ -475,6 +471,75 @@ func (w *Writer) GenerateAlterColumnTypeStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]str
 	return statements, nil
 }
 
+// GenerateAlterColumnDefaultStatements generates guarded ALTER TABLE
+// statements to bring existing columns' DEFAULT clause in line with the
+// model, safe to run against a database that already has the columns.
+func (w *Writer) GenerateAlterColumnDefaultStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, error) {
+	statements := []string{}
+
+	statements = append(statements, fmt.Sprintf("-- Alter column defaults for schema: %s", schema.Name))
+
+	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
+		columns := getSortedColumns(table.Columns)
+		for _, col := range columns {
+			setDefault, defaultVal := formatColumnDefaultSQL(col)
+			stmt, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnDefaultWithCheck(AlterColumnDefaultWithCheckData{
+				SchemaName:   schema.Name,
+				TableName:    table.Name,
+				ColumnName:   col.Name,
+				SetDefault:   setDefault,
+				DefaultValue: defaultVal,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate alter column default for %s.%s.%s: %w", schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name, err)
+			}
+			statements = append(statements, stmt)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return statements, nil
+}
+
+// formatColumnDefaultSQL renders a column's model-level default into the
+// SQL literal/expression used by ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT, shared by
+// the full-schema writer and the diff-based migration writer.
+func formatColumnDefaultSQL(col *models.Column) (setDefault bool, defaultVal string) {
+	if col.Default == nil {
+		return false, ""
+	}
+	if value, ok := col.Default.(string); ok {
+		return true, writers.QuoteDefaultValue(stripBackticks(value), col.Type)
+	}
+	return true, fmt.Sprintf("%v", col.Default)
+}
+
+// GenerateAlterColumnNullabilityStatements generates guarded ALTER TABLE
+// statements to bring existing columns' NOT NULL state in line with the
+// model, safe to run against a database that already has the columns.
+func (w *Writer) GenerateAlterColumnNullabilityStatements(schema *models.Schema) ([]string, error) {
+	statements := []string{}
+
+	statements = append(statements, fmt.Sprintf("-- Alter column nullability for schema: %s", schema.Name))
+
+	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
+		columns := getSortedColumns(table.Columns)
+		for _, col := range columns {
+			stmt, err := w.executor.ExecuteAlterColumnNullabilityWithCheck(AlterColumnNullabilityWithCheckData{
+				SchemaName: schema.Name,
+				TableName:  table.Name,
+				ColumnName: col.Name,
+				NotNull:    col.NotNull,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate alter column nullability for %s.%s.%s: %w", schema.Name, table.Name, col.Name, err)
+			}
+			statements = append(statements, stmt)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return statements, nil
+}
+
 // GenerateAddColumnsForDatabase generates ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN statements for the entire database
 func (w *Writer) GenerateAddColumnsForDatabase(db *models.Database) ([]string, error) {
 	statements := []string{}
@@ -641,6 +706,14 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteSchema(schema *models.Schema) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if err := w.writeAlterColumnDefaults(schema); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := w.writeAlterColumnNullability(schema); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	// Phase 4: Create primary keys (priority 160)
 	if err := w.writePrimaryKeys(schema); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -742,11 +815,14 @@ func (w *Writer) writeCreateSchema(schema *models.Schema) error {
 }
 
 func (w *Writer) writeRequiredExtensions(schema *models.Schema) error {
-	if !schemaRequiresPGTrgm(schema) {
+	extensions := requiredExtensions(schema)
+	if len(extensions) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintln(w.writer, "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_trgm;")
+	for _, extension := range extensions {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS %s;\n", pgsql.QuoteExtensionName(extension))
+	}
 	fmt.Fprintln(w.writer)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -859,6 +935,36 @@ func (w *Writer) writeAlterColumnTypes(schema *models.Schema) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (w *Writer) writeAlterColumnDefaults(schema *models.Schema) error {
+	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Alter column defaults for schema: %s\n", schema.Name)
+
+	statements, err := w.GenerateAlterColumnDefaultStatements(schema)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, stmt := range statements[1:] {
+		fmt.Fprint(w.writer, stmt)
+		fmt.Fprint(w.writer, "\n")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *Writer) writeAlterColumnNullability(schema *models.Schema) error {
+	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Alter column nullability for schema: %s\n", schema.Name)
+
+	statements, err := w.GenerateAlterColumnNullabilityStatements(schema)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, stmt := range statements[1:] {
+		fmt.Fprint(w.writer, stmt)
+		fmt.Fprint(w.writer, "\n")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // writePrimaryKeys generates ALTER TABLE statements for primary keys
 func (w *Writer) writePrimaryKeys(schema *models.Schema) error {
 	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Primary keys for schema: %s\n", schema.Name)
@@ -866,10 +972,9 @@ func (w *Writer) writePrimaryKeys(schema *models.Schema) error {
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
 		// Find primary key constraint
 		var pkConstraint *models.Constraint
-		for name, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+		for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 			if constraint.Type == models.PrimaryKeyConstraint {
 				pkConstraint = constraint
-				_ = name // Use the name variable
 				break
 			}
 		}
@@ -957,21 +1062,13 @@ func (w *Writer) writeIndexes(schema *models.Schema) error {
 				indexName = fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s_%s", indexType, table.SQLName(), strings.ToLower(columnSuffix))
 			}
 
-			// Build column list with operator class support for GIN indexes
-			columnExprs := make([]string, 0, len(index.Columns))
-			for _, colName := range index.Columns {
-				if col, ok := resolveIndexColumn(table, colName); ok {
-					colExpr := col.SQLName()
-					if strings.EqualFold(index.Type, "gin") {
-						opClass := ginOperatorClassForColumn(col, index.Comment)
-						if opClass != "" {
-							colExpr = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", col.SQLName(), opClass)
-						}
-					}
-					columnExprs = append(columnExprs, colExpr)
-				}
+			indexType := index.Type
+			if indexType == "" {
+				indexType = "btree"
 			}
 
+			// Build column list with operator class support (GIN, pgvector, PostGIS)
+			columnExprs := buildIndexColumnExpressionsFiltered(table, index, indexType, true)
 			if len(columnExprs) == 0 {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -981,9 +1078,9 @@ func (w *Writer) writeIndexes(schema *models.Schema) error {
 				unique = "UNIQUE "
 			}
 
-			indexType := index.Type
-			if indexType == "" {
-				indexType = "btree"
+			withClause := ""
+			if params := indexStorageParameters(index.Comment); params != "" {
+				withClause = fmt.Sprintf(" WITH (%s)", params)
 			}
 
 			whereClause := ""
@@ -991,10 +1088,15 @@ func (w *Writer) writeIndexes(schema *models.Schema) error {
 				whereClause = fmt.Sprintf(" WHERE %s", index.Where)
 			}
 
-			fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "CREATE %sINDEX IF NOT EXISTS %s\n",
-				unique, indexName)
-			fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "  ON %s USING %s (%s)%s;\n\n",
-				w.qualTable(schema.SQLName(), table.SQLName()), indexType, strings.Join(columnExprs, ", "), whereClause)
+			concurrently := ""
+			if index.Concurrent {
+				concurrently = "CONCURRENTLY "
+			}
+
+			fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "CREATE %sINDEX %sIF NOT EXISTS %s\n",
+				unique, concurrently, indexName)
+			fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "  ON %s USING %s (%s)%s%s;\n\n",
+				w.qualTable(schema.SQLName(), table.SQLName()), indexType, strings.Join(columnExprs, ", "), withClause, whereClause)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1372,7 +1474,69 @@ func isTextTypeWithoutLength(colType string) bool {
 	return strings.EqualFold(colType, "text")
 }
 
-func ginOperatorClassForColumn(col *models.Column, comment string) string {
+// vectorOperatorClasses maps pgvector operator classes to the column base type they
+// apply to. pgvector defines no default operator class, so an hnsw/ivfflat index must
+// always name one explicitly.
+var vectorOperatorClasses = map[string]string{
+	"vector_l2_ops":        "vector",
+	"vector_ip_ops":        "vector",
+	"vector_cosine_ops":    "vector",
+	"vector_l1_ops":        "vector",
+	"halfvec_l2_ops":       "halfvec",
+	"halfvec_ip_ops":       "halfvec",
+	"halfvec_cosine_ops":   "halfvec",
+	"halfvec_l1_ops":       "halfvec",
+	"sparsevec_l2_ops":     "sparsevec",
+	"sparsevec_ip_ops":     "sparsevec",
+	"sparsevec_cosine_ops": "sparsevec",
+	"sparsevec_l1_ops":     "sparsevec",
+	"bit_hamming_ops":      "bit",
+	"bit_jaccard_ops":      "bit",
+}
+
+// defaultVectorOperatorClasses is the operator class used for an hnsw/ivfflat index when
+// the index comment does not request one. Cosine distance is the common default for
+// embedding columns; override it with an "opclass" hint in the index comment.
+var defaultVectorOperatorClasses = map[string]string{
+	"vector":    "vector_cosine_ops",
+	"halfvec":   "halfvec_cosine_ops",
+	"sparsevec": "sparsevec_cosine_ops",
+	"bit":       "bit_hamming_ops",
+}
+
+// spatialOperatorClasses are the PostGIS operator classes recognized in index comments.
+// PostGIS installs default operator classes for gist/spgist/brin, so these are only
+// emitted when explicitly requested (e.g. the 3D/nD variants).
+var spatialOperatorClasses = map[string]bool{
+	"gist_geometry_ops_2d":            true,
+	"gist_geometry_ops_nd":            true,
+	"gist_geography_ops":              true,
+	"spgist_geometry_ops_2d":          true,
+	"spgist_geometry_ops_3d":          true,
+	"spgist_geometry_ops_nd":          true,
+	"brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_2d":  true,
+	"brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_3d":  true,
+	"brin_geometry_inclusion_ops_4d":  true,
+	"brin_geography_inclusion_ops_2d": true,
+	"btree_geometry_ops":              true,
+	"btree_geography_ops":             true,
+}
+
+// isVectorIndexMethod reports whether the access method indexes pgvector types, which
+// covers both pgvector itself (hnsw, ivfflat) and VectorChord (vchordrq, vchordg).
+func isVectorIndexMethod(method string) bool {
+	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(method)) {
+	case "hnsw", "ivfflat", "vchordrq", "vchordg":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// indexOperatorClassForColumn returns the operator class to emit for a column in an index
+// of the given access method, honouring an explicit request from the index comment when it
+// is compatible with the column type.
+func indexOperatorClassForColumn(col *models.Column, indexType, comment string) string {
 	if col == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -1381,26 +1545,53 @@ func ginOperatorClassForColumn(col *models.Column, comment string) string {
 	baseType := pgsql.CanonicalizeBaseType(pgsql.ExtractBaseTypeLower(sqlType))
 	isArray := pgsql.IsArrayType(sqlType)
 	requested := extractOperatorClass(comment)
-
-	if requested != "" && ginOperatorClassCompatible(baseType, isArray, requested) {
-		return requested
+	method := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(indexType))
+	if method == "" {
+		method = "btree"
 	}
 
-	if isArray {
-		return "array_ops"
+	if requested != "" && operatorClassCompatible(method, baseType, isArray, requested) {
+		return requested
 	}
 
 	switch {
-	case isTextGinBaseType(baseType):
-		return "gin_trgm_ops"
-	case baseType == "jsonb":
-		return "jsonb_ops"
+	case method == "gin":
+		if isArray {
+			return "array_ops"
+		}
+		switch {
+		case isTextGinBaseType(baseType):
+			return "gin_trgm_ops"
+		case baseType == "jsonb":
+			return "jsonb_ops"
+		default:
+			return requested
+		}
+	case isVectorIndexMethod(method):
+		if isArray {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return defaultVectorOperatorClasses[baseType]
 	default:
-		return requested
+		// gist/spgist/brin/btree have default operator classes (PostGIS included),
+		// so nothing is emitted unless the comment requested a compatible class.
+		return ""
 	}
 }
 
-func ginOperatorClassCompatible(baseType string, isArray bool, opClass string) bool {
+// ginOperatorClassForColumn is the GIN-specific form of indexOperatorClassForColumn.
+func ginOperatorClassForColumn(col *models.Column, comment string) string {
+	return indexOperatorClassForColumn(col, "gin", comment)
+}
+
+func operatorClassCompatible(method, baseType string, isArray bool, opClass string) bool {
+	if vectorType, ok := vectorOperatorClasses[opClass]; ok {
+		return !isArray && baseType == vectorType && isVectorIndexMethod(method)
+	}
+	if spatialOperatorClasses[opClass] {
+		return !isArray && pgsql.IsSpatialType(baseType)
+	}
+
 	switch opClass {
 	case "gin_trgm_ops", "gin_bigm_ops":
 		return !isArray && isTextGinBaseType(baseType)
@@ -1413,6 +1604,10 @@ func ginOperatorClassCompatible(baseType string, isArray bool, opClass string) b
 	}
 }
 
+func ginOperatorClassCompatible(baseType string, isArray bool, opClass string) bool {
+	return operatorClassCompatible("gin", baseType, isArray, opClass)
+}
+
 func isTextGinBaseType(baseType string) bool {
 	switch baseType {
 	case "text", "varchar", "character varying", "char", "character", "string", "citext", "bpchar":
@@ -1422,29 +1617,188 @@ func isTextGinBaseType(baseType string) bool {
 	}
 }
 
-func schemaRequiresPGTrgm(schema *models.Schema) bool {
+// requiredExtensions returns the PostgreSQL extensions a schema depends on, ordered so
+// that dependencies are created first (postgis before postgis_topology, vector before
+// vchord). Extensions are detected from column types, index access methods, resolved
+// operator classes, and function calls in defaults, check constraints, partial index
+// predicates and view definitions. Extensions that leave no trace in the model (pg_cron,
+// timescaledb, postgres_fdw, …) can be declared in schema.Metadata["extensions"].
+func requiredExtensions(schema *models.Schema) []string {
 	if schema == nil {
-		return false
+		return nil
 	}
+
+	required := make(map[string]bool)
+	add := func(names ...string) {
+		for _, name := range names {
+			if name != "" {
+				required[name] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	add(declaredExtensions(schema)...)
+
+	for _, view := range schema.Views {
+		if view == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		add(pgsql.ExtensionsForExpression(view.Definition)...)
+	}
+
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
 		if table == nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		for _, index := range table.Indexes {
-			if index == nil || !strings.EqualFold(index.Type, "gin") {
+
+		for _, col := range table.Columns {
+			if col == nil {
 				continue
 			}
+			add(pgsql.TypeExtension(effectiveColumnSQLType(col)))
+			if def, ok := col.Default.(string); ok {
+				add(pgsql.ExtensionsForExpression(def)...)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+			if constraint == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			add(pgsql.ExtensionsForExpression(constraint.Expression)...)
+		}
+
+		for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+			if index == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			add(pgsql.IndexMethodExtension(index.Type))
+			add(pgsql.ExtensionsForExpression(index.Where)...)
+
 			for _, colName := range index.Columns {
 				col, ok := resolveIndexColumn(table, colName)
 				if !ok || col == nil {
 					continue
 				}
-				if ginOperatorClassForColumn(col, index.Comment) == "gin_trgm_ops" {
-					return true
-				}
+				opClass := indexOperatorClassForColumn(col, index.Type, index.Comment)
+				add(pgsql.OperatorClassExtension(opClass))
+				add(btreeCompanionExtension(index.Type, col, opClass))
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	extensions := make([]string, 0, len(required))
+	for ext := range required {
+		extensions = append(extensions, ext)
+	}
+
+	// Pull in dependencies, so a declared postgis_topology also creates postgis.
+	for i := 0; i < len(extensions); i++ {
+		for _, dependency := range pgsql.ExtensionDependencies(extensions[i]) {
+			if !required[dependency] {
+				required[dependency] = true
+				extensions = append(extensions, dependency)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return pgsql.SortExtensions(extensions)
+}
+
+// declaredExtensions reads schema.Metadata["extensions"], which accepts either a list or a
+// comma-separated string. Unknown names are kept: the metadata is an explicit instruction.
+func declaredExtensions(schema *models.Schema) []string {
+	value, ok := schema.Metadata["extensions"]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var names []string
+	switch declared := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		names = strings.Split(declared, ",")
+	case []string:
+		names = declared
+	case []any:
+		for _, item := range declared {
+			if name, ok := item.(string); ok {
+				names = append(names, name)
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	cleaned := make([]string, 0, len(names))
+	for _, name := range names {
+		if name = strings.TrimSpace(name); name != "" {
+			cleaned = append(cleaned, name)
+		}
+	}
+	return cleaned
+}
+
+// btreeCompanionExtension returns btree_gin or btree_gist when a GIN/GiST index covers a
+// scalar type that neither access method has a built-in operator class for. Without the
+// companion extension PostgreSQL rejects the CREATE INDEX outright.
+func btreeCompanionExtension(indexType string, col *models.Column, opClass string) string {
+	if opClass != "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	method := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(indexType))
+	if method != "gin" && method != "gist" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	sqlType := effectiveColumnSQLType(col)
+	if pgsql.IsArrayType(sqlType) {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	baseType := pgsql.CanonicalizeBaseType(pgsql.ExtractBaseTypeLower(sqlType))
+	if pgsql.TypeExtension(baseType) != "" {
+		// Extension types (geometry, vector, citext, …) ship their own operator classes.
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if method == "gin" {
+		if nativeGinBaseType(baseType) {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return "btree_gin"
+	}
+	if nativeGistBaseType(baseType) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return "btree_gist"
+}
+
+// nativeGinBaseType reports whether core PostgreSQL provides a GIN operator class.
+func nativeGinBaseType(baseType string) bool {
+	switch baseType {
+	case "jsonb", "json", "tsvector", "tsquery":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// nativeGistBaseType reports whether core PostgreSQL provides a GiST operator class.
+func nativeGistBaseType(baseType string) bool {
+	switch baseType {
+	case "tsvector", "tsquery", "point", "box", "circle", "polygon", "line", "lseg", "path", "inet", "cidr":
+		return true
+	}
+	return strings.HasSuffix(baseType, "range") || strings.HasSuffix(baseType, "multirange")
+}
+
+func schemaRequiresPGTrgm(schema *models.Schema) bool {
+	for _, ext := range requiredExtensions(schema) {
+		if ext == "pg_trgm" {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
 	return false
 }
 
@@ -1475,6 +1829,51 @@ func resolveIndexColumn(table *models.Table, colName string) (*models.Column, bo
 	return nil, false
 }
 
+// sortColumns returns columns sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortColumns(columns map[string]*models.Column) []*models.Column {
+	result := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(columns))
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		result = append(result, col)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortConstraints returns constraints sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constraint {
+	result := make([]*models.Constraint, 0, len(constraints))
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		result = append(result, c)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortIndexes returns indexes sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
 // formatStringList formats a list of strings as a SQL-safe comma-separated quoted list
 func formatStringList(items []string) string {
 	quoted := make([]string, len(items))
@@ -1486,14 +1885,21 @@ func formatStringList(items []string) string {
 
 // extractOperatorClass extracts operator class from index comment/note
 // Looks for common operator classes like gin_trgm_ops, gist_trgm_ops, etc.
+// explicitOperatorClassPattern matches an "opclass=<name>" hint, the form the PostgreSQL
+// reader uses to carry an index's operator class through the model.
+var explicitOperatorClassPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\bopclass\s*=\s*([a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)\b`)
+
 func extractOperatorClass(comment string) string {
 	if comment == "" {
 		return ""
 	}
+
 	lowerComment := strings.ToLower(comment)
-	// Common GIN/GiST operator classes
-	opClasses := []string{"gin_trgm_ops", "gist_trgm_ops", "gin_bigm_ops", "jsonb_ops", "jsonb_path_ops", "array_ops"}
-	for _, op := range opClasses {
+	if matches := explicitOperatorClassPattern.FindStringSubmatch(lowerComment); len(matches) > 1 {
+		return matches[1]
+	}
+
+	for _, op := range knownOperatorClasses() {
 		if strings.Contains(lowerComment, op) {
 			return op
 		}
@@ -1501,6 +1907,35 @@ func extractOperatorClass(comment string) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+// knownOperatorClasses lists every operator class recognized in an index comment,
+// longest name first so that e.g. gist_geometry_ops_nd wins over a shorter prefix.
+var knownOperatorClasses = sync.OnceValue(func() []string {
+	names := []string{"gin_trgm_ops", "gist_trgm_ops", "gin_bigm_ops", "jsonb_ops", "jsonb_path_ops", "array_ops"}
+	for name := range vectorOperatorClasses {
+		names = append(names, name)
+	}
+	for name := range spatialOperatorClasses {
+		names = append(names, name)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(names, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if len(names[i]) != len(names[j]) {
+			return len(names[i]) > len(names[j])
+		}
+		return names[i] < names[j]
+	})
+	return names
+})
+
+// indexStorageParameters extracts access-method storage parameters from an index comment.
+// Only well-formed "key = value" pairs are kept, so comment prose cannot leak into DDL.
+// Example: "opclass=vector_cosine_ops with (m=16, ef_construction=64)" -> "m = 16, ef_construction = 64".
+func indexStorageParameters(comment string) string {
+	if comment == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return pgsql.FormatStorageParameters(pgsql.ExtractWithClause(comment))
+}
+
 // escapeQuote escapes single quotes in strings for SQL
 func escapeQuote(s string) string {
 	return strings.ReplaceAll(s, "'", "''")

pkg/writers/pgsql/writer_test.go

@@ -87,6 +87,41 @@ func TestWriteDatabase(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWriteDatabase_ConcurrentIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("users", "public")
+
+	emailCol := models.InitColumn("email", "users", "public")
+	emailCol.Type = "text"
+	table.Columns["email"] = emailCol
+
+	concurrentIndex := &models.Index{
+		Name:       "idx_users_email",
+		Columns:    []string{"email"},
+		Concurrent: true,
+	}
+	table.Indexes["idx_users_email"] = concurrentIndex
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteDatabase(db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_users_email") {
+		t.Errorf("Output missing CONCURRENTLY index creation:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteDatabase_GinIndexOnTextArrayDoesNotUseTrigramOperatorClass(t *testing.T) {
 	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
 	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
@@ -1106,6 +1141,144 @@ func TestWriteSchema_EmitsGuardedAlterColumnTypeStatements(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWriteSchema_EmitsGuardedAlterColumnDefaultStatements(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("agent_skills", "public")
+
+	statusCol := models.InitColumn("status", "agent_skills", "public")
+	statusCol.Type = "text"
+	statusCol.Default = "active"
+	table.Columns["status"] = statusCol
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteDatabase(db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "-- Alter column defaults for schema: public") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected alter column default section, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected guarded live-default check, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "ALTER COLUMN status SET DEFAULT 'active'") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected guarded SET DEFAULT for status column, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteSchema_AlterColumnDefaultStripsBackticksFromFunctionExpression(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("agent_skills", "public")
+
+	updatedAtCol := models.InitColumn("updatedat", "agent_skills", "public")
+	updatedAtCol.Type = "timestamp"
+	updatedAtCol.Default = "`now()`"
+	table.Columns["updatedat"] = updatedAtCol
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteDatabase(db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if strings.Contains(output, "`") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no backticks in generated SQL, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "ALTER COLUMN updatedat SET DEFAULT now()") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected guarded SET DEFAULT now() without backticks, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteSchema_GuardedAlterColumnTypeFallsBackOnConversionFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("agent_skills", "public")
+
+	nameCol := models.InitColumn("name", "agent_skills", "public")
+	nameCol.Type = "integer"
+	table.Columns["name"] = nameCol
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteDatabase(db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected guarded alter to fall back on conversion failure, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "renamed_column := 'name_' || trim(both '_' from regexp_replace(lower(current_type)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected fallback to derive a renamed column name from the live type, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "RENAME COLUMN name TO %I") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected fallback to rename the existing column, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "ADD COLUMN name integer") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected fallback to add a fresh column with the new type, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteSchema_EmitsGuardedAlterColumnNullabilityStatements(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("origin")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("service_instance", "origin")
+
+	typeCol := models.InitColumn("rid_service_instance_type", "service_instance", "origin")
+	typeCol.Type = "text"
+	typeCol.NotNull = false
+	table.Columns["rid_service_instance_type"] = typeCol
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteDatabase(db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "-- Alter column nullability for schema: origin") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected alter column nullability section, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "a.attnotnull") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected guarded live-nullability check, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "current_not_null IS DISTINCT FROM false") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected guard comparing live nullability against desired value, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "ALTER COLUMN rid_service_instance_type DROP NOT NULL") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected guarded DROP NOT NULL for nullable column, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteSchema_UsesStorageTypeForSerialAlterStatements(t *testing.T) {
 	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
 	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
@@ -1137,3 +1310,203 @@ func TestWriteSchema_UsesStorageTypeForSerialAlterStatements(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected serial alter to include USING cast, got:\n%s", output)
 	}
 }
+
+// buildVectorSpatialSchema returns a database with a pgvector column and a PostGIS column.
+func buildVectorSpatialSchema(indexType, indexComment string) *models.Database {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("documents", "public")
+
+	embedding := models.InitColumn("embedding", "documents", "public")
+	embedding.Type = "vector(1536)"
+	table.Columns["embedding"] = embedding
+
+	location := models.InitColumn("location", "documents", "public")
+	location.Type = "geometry(Point,4326)"
+	table.Columns["location"] = location
+
+	if indexType != "" {
+		index := &models.Index{
+			Name:    "idx_documents_embedding",
+			Type:    indexType,
+			Columns: []string{"embedding"},
+			Comment: indexComment,
+		}
+		table.Indexes[index.Name] = index
+	}
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+	return db
+}
+
+func writeDatabaseOutput(t *testing.T, db *models.Database) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	writer.writer = &buf
+
+	if err := writer.WriteDatabase(db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteDatabase failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_VectorAndPostGISColumnsCreateExtensions(t *testing.T) {
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, buildVectorSpatialSchema("", ""))
+
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS postgis;",
+		"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;",
+		"vector(1536)",
+		"geometry(Point,4326)",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(output, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected output to contain %q, got:\n%s", want, output)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// postgis must be created before postgis-dependent extensions and stay deterministic
+	if strings.Index(output, "EXISTS postgis;") > strings.Index(output, "EXISTS vector;") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected extensions to be emitted in sorted order, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_HNSWIndexUsesDefaultVectorOperatorClass(t *testing.T) {
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, buildVectorSpatialSchema("hnsw", ""))
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected hnsw index with default vector operator class, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected pgvector extension, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_VectorIndexHonoursRequestedOperatorClassAndStorageParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, buildVectorSpatialSchema("ivfflat", "opclass=vector_l2_ops; with (lists=100)"))
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ivfflat index with requested opclass and storage parameters, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_VectorIndexIgnoresIncompatibleOperatorClass(t *testing.T) {
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, buildVectorSpatialSchema("hnsw", "opclass=halfvec_l2_ops"))
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected halfvec operator class to be rejected for a vector column, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_VectorIndexIgnoresCommentProseInStorageParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, buildVectorSpatialSchema("hnsw", "tuned with (m=16, ef_construction=64, drop table foo)"))
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 64)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected only well-formed storage parameters, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(output, "drop table") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected prose to be dropped from storage parameters, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_GistIndexOnGeometryUsesDefaultOperatorClass(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("places", "public")
+	geom := models.InitColumn("geom", "places", "public")
+	geom.Type = "geometry(Point,4326)"
+	table.Columns["geom"] = geom
+
+	table.Indexes["idx_places_geom"] = &models.Index{
+		Name:    "idx_places_geom",
+		Type:    "gist",
+		Columns: []string{"geom"},
+	}
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, db)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "USING gist (geom)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected gist index to rely on the PostGIS default operator class, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteDatabase_GistIndexHonoursRequestedSpatialOperatorClass(t *testing.T) {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("testdb")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+
+	table := models.InitTable("places", "public")
+	geom := models.InitColumn("geom", "places", "public")
+	geom.Type = "geometry(PointZ,4326)"
+	table.Columns["geom"] = geom
+
+	table.Indexes["idx_places_geom_nd"] = &models.Index{
+		Name:    "idx_places_geom_nd",
+		Type:    "gist",
+		Columns: []string{"geom"},
+		Comment: "opclass=gist_geometry_ops_nd",
+	}
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+
+	output := writeDatabaseOutput(t, db)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "USING gist (geom gist_geometry_ops_nd)") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected requested spatial operator class, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateDatabaseStatements_VectorIndexIncludesOperatorClassAndParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	db := buildVectorSpatialSchema("hnsw", "opclass=vector_ip_ops; with (m=16)")
+
+	writer := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{})
+	statements, err := writer.GenerateDatabaseStatements(db)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GenerateDatabaseStatements failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	joined := strings.Join(statements, "\n")
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector",
+		"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS postgis",
+		"USING hnsw (embedding vector_ip_ops) WITH (m = 16)",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(joined, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected statements to contain %q, got:\n%s", want, joined)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndexStorageParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		comment string
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{"empty", "", ""},
+		{"no with clause", "opclass=vector_cosine_ops", ""},
+		{"single parameter", "with (lists=100)", "lists = 100"},
+		{"multiple parameters", "WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 64)", "m = 16, ef_construction = 64"},
+		{"quoted value kept", "with (fillfactor='90')", "fillfactor = '90'"},
+		{"bm25 key field", "with (key_field='id')", "key_field = 'id'"},
+		{"dollar quoted value", "with (options = $$[build.internal]\nlists = [4096]$$)", "options = $$[build.internal]\nlists = [4096]$$"},
+		{"dollar quoted value with parens", "with (options = $$f(x)$$, m = 16)", "options = $$f(x)$$, m = 16"},
+		{"prose dropped", "with (lists=100, please drop everything)", "lists = 100"},
+		{"unterminated quote dropped", "with (key_field='id)", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := indexStorageParameters(tt.comment); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("indexStorageParameters(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.comment, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/writers/prisma/writer.go

@@ -549,14 +549,14 @@ func (w *Writer) generateBlockAttributes(table *models.Table) string {
 	}
 
 	// @@unique for multi-column unique constraints
-	for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+	for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 		if constraint.Type == models.UniqueConstraint && len(constraint.Columns) > 1 {
 			fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "  @@unique([%s])\n", strings.Join(constraint.Columns, ", "))
 		}
 	}
 
 	// @@index for indexes
-	for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+	for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 		if !index.Unique { // Unique indexes are handled by @@unique
 			fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "  @@index([%s])\n", strings.Join(index.Columns, ", "))
 		}
@@ -564,3 +564,33 @@ func (w *Writer) generateBlockAttributes(table *models.Table) string {
 
 	return sb.String()
 }
+
+// sortConstraints returns constraints sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constraint {
+	result := make([]*models.Constraint, 0, len(constraints))
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		result = append(result, c)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortIndexes returns indexes sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}

pkg/writers/sqlexec/writer.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/assetloader"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/pgsql"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/writers"
@@ -138,7 +139,28 @@ func (w *Writer) executeScripts(ctx context.Context, conn *pgx.Conn, scripts []*
 			script.Name, script.Priority, script.Sequence)
 
 		// Execute the SQL script
-		_, err := conn.Exec(ctx, script.SQL)
+		sql, err := processEmbedDirectives(script)
+		if err != nil {
+			if ignoreErrors {
+				fmt.Printf("⚠ Error preparing %s: %v (continuing due to --ignore-errors)\n", script.Name, err)
+				failedScripts = append(failedScripts, struct {
+					name     string
+					priority int
+					sequence uint
+					err      error
+				}{
+					name:     script.Name,
+					priority: script.Priority,
+					sequence: script.Sequence,
+					err:      err,
+				})
+				continue
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("script %s (Priority=%d, Sequence=%d): %w",
+				script.Name, script.Priority, script.Sequence, err)
+		}
+
+		_, err = conn.Exec(ctx, sql)
 		if err != nil {
 			if ignoreErrors {
 				fmt.Printf("⚠ Error executing %s: %v (continuing due to --ignore-errors)\n", script.Name, err)
@@ -179,3 +201,11 @@ func (w *Writer) executeScripts(ctx context.Context, conn *pgx.Conn, scripts []*
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func processEmbedDirectives(script *models.Script) (string, error) {
+	sqlPath, _ := script.Metadata[assetloader.ScriptSourcePathMetadataKey].(string)
+	if sqlPath == "" {
+		return script.SQL, nil
+	}
+	return assetloader.ProcessEmbedDirectives(sqlPath, script.SQL)
+}

pkg/writers/sqlexec/writer_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 package sqlexec
 
 import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/assetloader"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/writers"
 )
@@ -216,3 +220,36 @@ func TestWriter_WriteSchema_EmptyScripts(t *testing.T) {
 //     // Verify results
 //     // Cleanup
 // }
+
+func TestProcessEmbedDirectives_UsesScriptSourcePath(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	sqlPath := filepath.Join(dir, "1_001_seed.sql")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "body.txt"), []byte("writer text"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	script := models.InitScript("seed")
+	script.SQL = "-- @embed: path=body.txt var=:body mode=text\nSELECT :body;"
+	script.Metadata[assetloader.ScriptSourcePathMetadataKey] = sqlPath
+
+	got, err := processEmbedDirectives(script)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("processEmbedDirectives failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "SELECT 'writer text';") {
+		t.Fatalf("script embed directive was not processed:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessEmbedDirectives_NoSourcePathLeavesSQLUnchanged(t *testing.T) {
+	script := models.InitScript("seed")
+	script.SQL = "-- @embed: path=missing.txt var=:body mode=text\nSELECT :body;"
+
+	got, err := processEmbedDirectives(script)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("processEmbedDirectives failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got != script.SQL {
+		t.Fatalf("expected unchanged SQL without source path, got:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}

pkg/writers/sqlite/README.md

@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@ SQLite DDL (Data Definition Language) writer for RelSpec. Converts database sche
 
 ## Features
 
-- **Automatic Schema Flattening** - SQLite doesn't support PostgreSQL-style schemas, so table names are automatically flattened (e.g., `public.users` → `public_users`)
+- **Schema Flattening** - SQLite doesn't support PostgreSQL-style schemas. Non-default schema names are flattened into table name prefixes (e.g., `auth.sessions` → `auth_sessions`); the default schema (`public`/`main`) is left as bare table names (e.g., `public.users` → `users`)
 - **Type Mapping** - Converts PostgreSQL data types to SQLite type affinities (TEXT, INTEGER, REAL, NUMERIC, BLOB)
 - **Auto-Increment Detection** - Automatically converts SERIAL types and auto-increment columns to `INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT`
 - **Function Translation** - Converts PostgreSQL functions to SQLite equivalents (e.g., `now()` → `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`)
 - **Boolean Handling** - Maps boolean values to INTEGER (true=1, false=0)
-- **Constraint Generation** - Creates indexes, unique constraints, and documents foreign keys
+- **Constraint Generation** - Creates indexes, unique constraints, and inline `FOREIGN KEY` clauses in `CREATE TABLE`
 - **Identifier Quoting** - Properly quotes identifiers using double quotes
+- **Direct Execution** - Can execute the generated DDL directly against a `.db` file instead of writing a `.sql` script (see below)
 
 ## Usage
 
@@ -30,15 +31,26 @@ relspec convert --from dbml --from-path schema.dbml \
 
 ### Multi-Schema Databases
 
-SQLite doesn't support schemas, so multi-schema databases are automatically flattened:
+SQLite doesn't support schemas, so multi-schema databases are automatically flattened. The default schema (`public`/`main`) keeps bare table names; other schemas are prefixed to avoid collisions:
 
 ```bash
 # Input has auth.users and public.posts
-# Output will have auth_users and public_posts
+# Output will have auth_users and posts
 relspec convert --from json --from-path multi_schema.json \
                 --to sqlite --to-path flattened.sql
 ```
 
+### Direct Execution Against a Database File
+
+`relspec merge` can execute the generated DDL directly against a SQLite file instead of writing a `.sql` script, by passing the file path as `--output-conn`:
+
+```bash
+relspec merge --source dbml --source-path schema.dbml \
+              --output sqlite --output-conn ./app.db
+```
+
+Passing `--output-conn` opens `./app.db` and applies the schema directly; passing `--output-path` instead (or omitting `--output-conn`) writes a `.sql` script as before.
+
 ## Type Mapping
 
 | PostgreSQL Type | SQLite Affinity | Examples |
@@ -87,17 +99,17 @@ CREATE TABLE "users" (
 
 ## Foreign Keys
 
-Foreign keys are generated as commented-out ALTER TABLE statements for reference:
+SQLite has no `ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT`, so foreign keys are generated as inline `FOREIGN KEY` clauses inside `CREATE TABLE`, exactly as SQLite requires:
 
 ```sql
--- Foreign key: fk_posts_user_id
--- ALTER TABLE "posts" ADD CONSTRAINT "posts_fk_posts_user_id"
---   FOREIGN KEY ("user_id")
---   REFERENCES "users" ("id");
--- Note: Foreign keys should be defined in CREATE TABLE for better SQLite compatibility
+CREATE TABLE "posts" (
+    "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+    "user_id" INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    FOREIGN KEY ("user_id") REFERENCES "users" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
+);
 ```
 
-For production use, define foreign keys directly in the CREATE TABLE statement or execute the ALTER TABLE commands after creating all tables.
+`PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;` is emitted at the top of the output (and executed first in direct-execution mode) so these constraints are actually enforced.
 
 ## Constraints
 
@@ -112,11 +124,10 @@ Generated SQL follows this order:
 
 1. Header comments
 2. `PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;`
-3. CREATE TABLE statements (sorted by schema, then table)
+3. CREATE TABLE statements (sorted by schema, then table), with primary keys and foreign keys defined inline
 4. CREATE INDEX statements
 5. CREATE UNIQUE INDEX statements (for unique constraints)
 6. Check constraint comments
-7. Foreign key comments
 
 ## Example
 
@@ -145,7 +156,7 @@ CREATE TABLE public.posts (
 -- SQLite Database Schema
 -- Database: mydb
 -- Generated by RelSpec
--- Note: Schema names have been flattened (e.g., public.users -> public_users)
+-- Note: SQLite has no schema concept; non-default schema names are flattened into table name prefixes (e.g., auth.sessions -> auth_sessions)
 
 -- Enable foreign key constraints
 PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
@@ -160,22 +171,17 @@ CREATE TABLE "auth_users" (
 
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "auth_users_users_username_key" ON "auth_users" ("username");
 
--- Schema: public (flattened into table names)
-
-CREATE TABLE "public_posts" (
+CREATE TABLE "posts" (
     "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
     "user_id" INTEGER NOT NULL,
     "title" TEXT NOT NULL,
-    "published" INTEGER DEFAULT 0
+    "published" INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
+    FOREIGN KEY ("user_id") REFERENCES "auth_users" ("id")
 );
-
--- Foreign key: posts_user_id_fkey
--- ALTER TABLE "public_posts" ADD CONSTRAINT "public_posts_posts_user_id_fkey"
---   FOREIGN KEY ("user_id")
---   REFERENCES "auth_users" ("id");
--- Note: Foreign keys should be defined in CREATE TABLE for better SQLite compatibility
 ```
 
+Note that `public.posts` becomes bare `posts` (the default schema isn't prefixed), while `auth.users` becomes `auth_users` (a non-default schema is), and the foreign key to `auth_users` is defined inline rather than as a separate statement.
+
 ## Programmatic Usage
 
 ```go
@@ -208,8 +214,9 @@ func main() {
 
 ## Notes
 
-- Schema flattening is **always enabled** for SQLite output (cannot be disabled)
+- Schema flattening is **always enabled** for SQLite output (cannot be disabled); the default schema (`public`/`main`) produces bare table names, other schemas are prefixed
 - Constraint and index names are prefixed with the flattened table name to avoid collisions
 - Generated SQL is compatible with SQLite 3.x
-- Foreign key constraints require `PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;` to be enforced
+- Foreign key constraints require `PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;` to be enforced, which is emitted (and, in direct-execution mode, run) before any `CREATE TABLE`
+- Setting `Metadata["connection_string"]` to a `.db` file path (or passing `--output-conn` to `relspec merge`) executes the DDL directly against that file instead of writing a `.sql` script
 - For complex schemas, review and test the generated SQL before use in production

pkg/writers/sqlite/templates.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"embed"
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"text/template"
 
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
@@ -39,10 +40,22 @@ func NewTemplateExecutor(opts *writers.WriterOptions) (*TemplateExecutor, error)
 
 // TableTemplateData contains data for table template
 type TableTemplateData struct {
-	Schema     string
-	Name       string
-	Columns    []*models.Column
-	PrimaryKey *models.Constraint
+	Schema      string
+	Name        string
+	Columns     []*models.Column
+	PrimaryKey  *models.Constraint
+	ForeignKeys []ForeignKeyTemplateData
+}
+
+// ForeignKeyTemplateData contains data for an inline FOREIGN KEY clause
+type ForeignKeyTemplateData struct {
+	Name           string
+	Columns        []string
+	ForeignSchema  string
+	ForeignTable   string
+	ForeignColumns []string
+	OnDelete       string
+	OnUpdate       string
 }
 
 // IndexTemplateData contains data for index template
@@ -119,29 +132,15 @@ func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteCreateCheckConstraint(data ConstraintTemplate
 	return buf.String(), nil
 }
 
-// ExecuteCreateForeignKey executes the create foreign key template
-func (te *TemplateExecutor) ExecuteCreateForeignKey(data ConstraintTemplateData) (string, error) {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err := te.templates.ExecuteTemplate(&buf, "create_foreign_key.tmpl", data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to execute create_foreign_key template: %w", err)
-	}
-	return buf.String(), nil
-}
-
 // Helper functions to build template data from models
 
 // BuildTableTemplateData builds TableTemplateData from a models.Table
 func BuildTableTemplateData(schema string, table *models.Table) TableTemplateData {
-	// Get sorted columns
-	columns := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(table.Columns))
-	for _, col := range table.Columns {
-		columns = append(columns, col)
-	}
+	columns := sortColumns(table.Columns)
 
 	// Find primary key constraint
 	var pk *models.Constraint
-	for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+	for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 		if constraint.Type == models.PrimaryKeyConstraint {
 			pk = constraint
 			break
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ func BuildTableTemplateData(schema string, table *models.Table) TableTemplateDat
 	// If no explicit primary key constraint, build one from columns with IsPrimaryKey=true
 	if pk == nil {
 		pkCols := []string{}
-		for _, col := range table.Columns {
+		for _, col := range columns {
 			if col.IsPrimaryKey {
 				pkCols = append(pkCols, col.Name)
 			}
@@ -165,10 +164,79 @@ func BuildTableTemplateData(schema string, table *models.Table) TableTemplateDat
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Collect foreign keys for inline FOREIGN KEY clauses
+	var fks []ForeignKeyTemplateData
+	for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
+		if constraint.Type != models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		refSchema := tableSchemaName(constraint.ReferencedSchema)
+		if refSchema == "" {
+			refSchema = schema
+		}
+
+		fks = append(fks, ForeignKeyTemplateData{
+			Name:           constraint.Name,
+			Columns:        constraint.Columns,
+			ForeignSchema:  refSchema,
+			ForeignTable:   constraint.ReferencedTable,
+			ForeignColumns: constraint.ReferencedColumns,
+			OnDelete:       constraint.OnDelete,
+			OnUpdate:       constraint.OnUpdate,
+		})
+	}
+
 	return TableTemplateData{
-		Schema:     schema,
-		Name:       table.Name,
-		Columns:    columns,
-		PrimaryKey: pk,
+		Schema:      schema,
+		Name:        table.Name,
+		Columns:     columns,
+		PrimaryKey:  pk,
+		ForeignKeys: fks,
 	}
 }
+
+// sortColumns returns columns sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortColumns(columns map[string]*models.Column) []*models.Column {
+	result := make([]*models.Column, 0, len(columns))
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		result = append(result, col)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortConstraints returns constraints sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortConstraints(constraints map[string]*models.Constraint) []*models.Constraint {
+	result := make([]*models.Constraint, 0, len(constraints))
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		result = append(result, c)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
+// sortIndexes returns indexes sorted by Sequence then Name for deterministic output.
+func sortIndexes(indexes map[string]*models.Index) []*models.Index {
+	result := make([]*models.Index, 0, len(indexes))
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		result = append(result, idx)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if result[i].Sequence > 0 && result[j].Sequence > 0 {
+			return result[i].Sequence < result[j].Sequence
+		}
+		return result[i].Name < result[j].Name
+	})
+	return result
+}

pkg/writers/sqlite/templates/create_foreign_key.tmpl

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
--- Foreign key: {{.Name}}
--- ALTER TABLE {{quote_ident (qualified_table_name .Schema .Table)}} ADD CONSTRAINT {{quote_ident (format_constraint_name .Schema .Table .Name)}}
---   FOREIGN KEY ({{range $i, $col := .Columns}}{{if $i}}, {{end}}{{quote_ident $col}}{{end}})
---   REFERENCES {{quote_ident (qualified_table_name .ForeignSchema .ForeignTable)}} ({{range $i, $col := .ForeignColumns}}{{if $i}}, {{end}}{{quote_ident $col}}{{end}})
---   {{if .OnDelete}}ON DELETE {{.OnDelete}}{{end}}{{if .OnUpdate}} ON UPDATE {{.OnUpdate}}{{end}};
--- Note: Foreign keys should be defined in CREATE TABLE for better SQLite compatibility

pkg/writers/sqlite/templates/create_table.tmpl

@@ -6,4 +6,7 @@ CREATE TABLE {{quote_ident (qualified_table_name .Schema .Name)}} (
 {{- if and .PrimaryKey (not $hasAutoIncrement)}}{{if gt (len .Columns) 0}},{{end}}
     PRIMARY KEY ({{range $i, $colName := .PrimaryKey.Columns}}{{if $i}}, {{end}}{{quote_ident $colName}}{{end}})
 {{- end}}
+{{- range .ForeignKeys}},
+    FOREIGN KEY ({{range $i, $col := .Columns}}{{if $i}}, {{end}}{{quote_ident $col}}{{end}}) REFERENCES {{quote_ident (qualified_table_name .ForeignSchema .ForeignTable)}} ({{range $i, $col := .ForeignColumns}}{{if $i}}, {{end}}{{quote_ident $col}}{{end}}){{if .OnDelete}} ON DELETE {{.OnDelete}}{{end}}{{if .OnUpdate}} ON UPDATE {{.OnUpdate}}{{end}}
+{{- end}}
 );

pkg/writers/sqlite/writer.go

@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 package sqlite
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	_ "modernc.org/sqlite" // SQLite driver
+
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
 	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/writers"
 )
@@ -30,8 +34,16 @@ func NewWriter(options *writers.WriterOptions) *Writer {
 	}
 }
 
-// WriteDatabase writes the entire database schema as SQLite SQL
+// WriteDatabase writes the entire database schema as SQLite SQL.
+//
+// If Metadata["connection_string"] is set (a path to a SQLite database file),
+// the generated DDL is executed directly against that file instead of being
+// written out as a .sql script.
 func (w *Writer) WriteDatabase(db *models.Database) error {
+	if dbPath, ok := w.options.Metadata["connection_string"].(string); ok && dbPath != "" {
+		return w.executeDatabaseSQL(db, dbPath)
+	}
+
 	var writer io.Writer
 	var file *os.File
 	var err error
@@ -52,12 +64,16 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteDatabase(db *models.Database) error {
 	}
 
 	w.writer = writer
+	return w.writeContent(db)
+}
 
+// writeContent writes the header, pragma, and every schema's DDL to w.writer.
+func (w *Writer) writeContent(db *models.Database) error {
 	// Write header comment
 	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- SQLite Database Schema\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Database: %s\n", db.Name)
 	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Generated by RelSpec\n")
-	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Note: Schema names have been flattened (e.g., public.users -> public_users)\n\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Note: SQLite has no schema concept; non-default schema names are flattened into table name prefixes (e.g., auth.sessions -> auth_sessions)\n\n")
 
 	// Enable foreign keys
 	pragma, err := w.executor.ExecutePragmaForeignKeys()
@@ -76,48 +92,134 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteDatabase(db *models.Database) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// statementCollector captures each Write call as a single SQL statement (or
+// comment line), matching the writer's convention of one Fprintf per statement.
+type statementCollector struct {
+	statements []string
+}
+
+func (c *statementCollector) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	if s := strings.TrimSpace(string(p)); s != "" {
+		c.statements = append(c.statements, s)
+	}
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
+// executeDatabaseSQL generates the DDL for db and executes it directly
+// against the SQLite database file at dbPath.
+func (w *Writer) executeDatabaseSQL(db *models.Database, dbPath string) error {
+	collector := &statementCollector{}
+	w.writer = collector
+	if err := w.writeContent(db); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate SQL statements: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	conn, err := sql.Open("sqlite", dbPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open sqlite database %q: %w", dbPath, err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	ignoreErrors := false
+	if val, ok := w.options.Metadata["ignore_errors"].(bool); ok {
+		ignoreErrors = val
+	}
+
+	total, executed := 0, 0
+	var execErrors []string
+	for _, stmt := range collector.statements {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(stmt, "--") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		total++
+		if _, err := conn.ExecContext(ctx, stmt); err != nil {
+			execErrors = append(execErrors, fmt.Sprintf("statement %d (%s): %v", total, truncateStatement(stmt), err))
+			if !ignoreErrors {
+				break
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		executed++
+	}
+
+	w.options.Metadata["execution_total"] = total
+	w.options.Metadata["execution_success"] = executed
+	w.options.Metadata["execution_failed"] = len(execErrors)
+
+	if len(execErrors) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute %d/%d statement(s) against %q:\n%s", len(execErrors), total, dbPath, strings.Join(execErrors, "\n"))
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// truncateStatement shortens a SQL statement for error messages.
+func truncateStatement(stmt string) string {
+	const maxLen = 80
+	stmt = strings.Join(strings.Fields(stmt), " ")
+	if len(stmt) > maxLen {
+		return stmt[:maxLen] + "..."
+	}
+	return stmt
+}
+
+// defaultSchemaNames are treated as "no schema" for SQLite output: SQLite has
+// no schema concept, and a lone default schema (e.g. DBML's implicit "public")
+// should produce bare table names rather than a "public_" prefix.
+var defaultSchemaNames = map[string]bool{
+	"public": true,
+	"main":   true,
+}
+
+// tableSchemaName returns the schema name to use for table/constraint naming,
+// collapsing default schema names to "" so they aren't prefixed onto table names.
+func tableSchemaName(schema string) string {
+	if defaultSchemaNames[strings.ToLower(schema)] {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return schema
+}
+
 // WriteSchema writes a single schema as SQLite SQL
 func (w *Writer) WriteSchema(schema *models.Schema) error {
-	// SQLite doesn't have schemas, so we just write a comment
-	if schema.Name != "" {
+	tableSchema := tableSchemaName(schema.Name)
+
+	// SQLite doesn't have schemas, so we just write a comment (skip for the
+	// default schema, since its tables aren't actually being prefixed)
+	if tableSchema != "" {
 		fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "-- Schema: %s (flattened into table names)\n\n", schema.Name)
 	}
 
 	// Phase 1: Create tables
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		if err := w.writeTable(schema.Name, table); err != nil {
+		if err := w.writeTable(tableSchema, table); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write table %s: %w", table.Name, err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Phase 2: Create indexes
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		if err := w.writeIndexes(schema.Name, table); err != nil {
+		if err := w.writeIndexes(tableSchema, table); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write indexes for table %s: %w", table.Name, err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Phase 3: Create unique constraints (as unique indexes)
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		if err := w.writeUniqueConstraints(schema.Name, table); err != nil {
+		if err := w.writeUniqueConstraints(tableSchema, table); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write unique constraints for table %s: %w", table.Name, err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Phase 4: Check constraints (as comments, since SQLite requires them in CREATE TABLE)
 	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		if err := w.writeCheckConstraints(schema.Name, table); err != nil {
+		if err := w.writeCheckConstraints(tableSchema, table); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write check constraints for table %s: %w", table.Name, err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Phase 5: Foreign keys (as comments for compatibility)
-	for _, table := range schema.Tables {
-		if err := w.writeForeignKeys(schema.Name, table); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write foreign keys for table %s: %w", table.Name, err)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -143,7 +245,7 @@ func (w *Writer) writeTable(schema string, table *models.Table) error {
 
 // writeIndexes writes indexes for a table
 func (w *Writer) writeIndexes(schema string, table *models.Table) error {
-	for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+	for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 		// Skip primary key indexes
 		if strings.HasSuffix(index.Name, "_pkey") {
 			continue
@@ -174,7 +276,7 @@ func (w *Writer) writeIndexes(schema string, table *models.Table) error {
 
 // writeUniqueConstraints writes unique constraints as unique indexes
 func (w *Writer) writeUniqueConstraints(schema string, table *models.Table) error {
-	for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+	for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 		if constraint.Type != models.UniqueConstraint {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -195,7 +297,7 @@ func (w *Writer) writeUniqueConstraints(schema string, table *models.Table) erro
 	}
 
 	// Also handle unique indexes from the Indexes map
-	for _, index := range table.Indexes {
+	for _, index := range sortIndexes(table.Indexes) {
 		if !index.Unique {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -232,7 +334,7 @@ func (w *Writer) writeUniqueConstraints(schema string, table *models.Table) erro
 
 // writeCheckConstraints writes check constraints as comments
 func (w *Writer) writeCheckConstraints(schema string, table *models.Table) error {
-	for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
+	for _, constraint := range sortConstraints(table.Constraints) {
 		if constraint.Type != models.CheckConstraint {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -254,38 +356,3 @@ func (w *Writer) writeCheckConstraints(schema string, table *models.Table) error
 
 	return nil
 }
-
-// writeForeignKeys writes foreign keys as comments
-func (w *Writer) writeForeignKeys(schema string, table *models.Table) error {
-	for _, constraint := range table.Constraints {
-		if constraint.Type != models.ForeignKeyConstraint {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		refSchema := constraint.ReferencedSchema
-		if refSchema == "" {
-			refSchema = schema
-		}
-
-		data := ConstraintTemplateData{
-			Schema:         schema,
-			Table:          table.Name,
-			Name:           constraint.Name,
-			Columns:        constraint.Columns,
-			ForeignSchema:  refSchema,
-			ForeignTable:   constraint.ReferencedTable,
-			ForeignColumns: constraint.ReferencedColumns,
-			OnDelete:       constraint.OnDelete,
-			OnUpdate:       constraint.OnUpdate,
-		}
-
-		sql, err := w.executor.ExecuteCreateForeignKey(data)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute create foreign key template: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		fmt.Fprintf(w.writer, "%s\n", sql)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}

pkg/writers/sqlite/writer_test.go

@@ -85,8 +85,11 @@ func TestWriteDatabase(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("Expected CREATE TABLE statement")
 	}
 
-	if !strings.Contains(output, "\"public_users\"") {
-		t.Error("Expected flattened table name public_users")
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "\"users\"") {
+		t.Error("Expected bare table name users (default schema should not be prefixed)")
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(output, "\"public_users\"") {
+		t.Error("Did not expect flattened table name public_users for the default public schema")
 	}
 
 	if !strings.Contains(output, "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT") {
@@ -322,13 +325,15 @@ func TestWriteSchema_MultiSchema(t *testing.T) {
 
 	output := buf.String()
 
-	// Check for flattened table names from both schemas
+	// Non-default schemas are still prefixed to avoid name collisions...
 	if !strings.Contains(output, "\"auth_sessions\"") {
 		t.Error("Expected flattened table name auth_sessions")
 	}
 
-	if !strings.Contains(output, "\"public_posts\"") {
-		t.Error("Expected flattened table name public_posts")
+	// ...but the default "public" schema is not, since it's typically the
+	// only schema and bare names read better (and match e.g. DBML output).
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "\"posts\"") {
+		t.Error("Expected bare table name posts")
 	}
 }
 

pkg/writers/template/writer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package template
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/models"
+	"git.warky.dev/wdevs/relspecgo/pkg/writers"
+)
+
+func TestWriterTableIndexValuesDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	templatePath := filepath.Join(dir, "indexes.tmpl")
+	outputDir := filepath.Join(dir, "out")
+	outputPath := filepath.Join(outputDir, "accounts.txt")
+	templateBody := "{{range values .Table.Indexes}}{{.Name}}:{{join .Columns \",\"}}\n{{end}}"
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(outputDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create output dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(templatePath, []byte(templateBody), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write template: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	db := databaseWithMultipleIndexes()
+	var first []byte
+	const runs = 100
+	for i := 0; i < runs; i++ {
+		writer, err := NewWriter(&writers.WriterOptions{
+			OutputPath: outputDir,
+			Metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"template_path": templatePath,
+				"mode":          string(TableMode),
+			},
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("new writer: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if err := writer.WriteDatabase(db); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("write database run %d: %v", i, err)
+		}
+
+		got, err := os.ReadFile(outputPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("read output run %d: %v", i, err)
+		}
+
+		if i == 0 {
+			first = got
+			continue
+		}
+		if string(got) != string(first) {
+			t.Fatalf("run %d output differed from first run\nfirst:\n%s\nrun %d:\n%s", i, first, i, got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	want := strings.Join([]string{
+		"idx_accounts_email:email",
+		"idx_accounts_last_login:last_login",
+		"idx_accounts_name:name",
+		"idx_accounts_status:status",
+		"idx_accounts_tenant:tenant_id",
+		"",
+	}, "\n")
+	if string(first) != want {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected index order\nwant:\n%s\ngot:\n%s", want, first)
+	}
+}
+
+func databaseWithMultipleIndexes() *models.Database {
+	db := models.InitDatabase("test")
+	schema := models.InitSchema("public")
+	table := models.InitTable("accounts", "public")
+
+	table.Indexes["idx_accounts_status"] = &models.Index{Name: "idx_accounts_status", Table: table.Name, Schema: schema.Name, Columns: []string{"status"}}
+	table.Indexes["idx_accounts_email"] = &models.Index{Name: "idx_accounts_email", Table: table.Name, Schema: schema.Name, Columns: []string{"email"}}
+	table.Indexes["idx_accounts_tenant"] = &models.Index{Name: "idx_accounts_tenant", Table: table.Name, Schema: schema.Name, Columns: []string{"tenant_id"}}
+	table.Indexes["idx_accounts_name"] = &models.Index{Name: "idx_accounts_name", Table: table.Name, Schema: schema.Name, Columns: []string{"name"}}
+	table.Indexes["idx_accounts_last_login"] = &models.Index{Name: "idx_accounts_last_login", Table: table.Name, Schema: schema.Name, Columns: []string{"last_login"}}
+
+	schema.Tables = append(schema.Tables, table)
+	db.Schemas = append(db.Schemas, schema)
+	return db
+}

pkg/writers/typeorm/writer.go

@@ -531,7 +531,13 @@ func (w *Writer) generateInverseRelations(table *models.Table, schema *models.Sc
 
 // generateManyToManyRelations generates @ManyToMany fields
 func (w *Writer) generateManyToManyRelations(table *models.Table, schema *models.Schema, joinTables map[string]bool, sb *strings.Builder) {
-	for joinTableName := range joinTables {
+	joinTableNames := make([]string, 0, len(joinTables))
+	for name := range joinTables {
+		joinTableNames = append(joinTableNames, name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(joinTableNames)
+
+	for _, joinTableName := range joinTableNames {
 		joinTable := w.findTable(joinTableName, schema)
 		if joinTable == nil {
 			continue

pkg/writers/writer.go

@@ -37,6 +37,23 @@ const (
 	NullableTypeBaselib = "baselib"
 )
 
+// NullableArrays constants control how nullable PostgreSQL array columns are
+// represented in native-slice code-generation writers (Bun in stdlib/baselib
+// mode).
+const (
+	// NullableArraysSlice represents every array column (nullable or not) as
+	// a plain slice ([]string, []int32, …). SQL NULL and '{}' both scan into
+	// a zero-length/nil slice, so callers cannot distinguish them. This is
+	// the default.
+	NullableArraysSlice = "slice"
+
+	// NullableArraysPointerSlice represents nullable array columns as a
+	// pointer to a slice (*[]string, *[]int32, …), so callers can
+	// distinguish SQL NULL (nil pointer) from '{}' (pointer to an empty
+	// slice). NOT NULL array columns are unaffected and remain plain slices.
+	NullableArraysPointerSlice = "pointer_slice"
+)
+
 // WriterOptions contains common options for writers
 type WriterOptions struct {
 	// OutputPath is the path where the output should be written
@@ -57,6 +74,15 @@ type WriterOptions struct {
 	//   "baselib" (default)     — plain Go pointer types (*string, *int32, …)
 	NullableTypes string
 
+	// NullableArrays selects how nullable PostgreSQL array columns are
+	// represented in native-slice code-generation writers (bun). Accepted values:
+	//   "slice" (default)      — plain slice for every array column
+	//   "pointer_slice"        — pointer-to-slice for nullable array columns,
+	//                            distinguishing SQL NULL from '{}'
+	// Has no effect in "sqltypes" NullableTypes mode, which always uses the
+	// SqlXxxArray wrapper types.
+	NullableArrays string
+
 	// Prisma7 enables Prisma 7-specific output for Prisma writers.
 	Prisma7 bool
 
@@ -122,6 +148,26 @@ func SanitizeFilename(name string) string {
 // Examples (boolean):   "true"         → "true"
 // Examples (bigint):    "0"            → "0"
 // Examples (timestamp): "now()"        → "now()"   (function call – never quoted)
+// bareKeywordDefaults are PostgreSQL default-value keywords that are
+// expressions, not string literals, even though they contain no
+// parentheses (e.g. "CURRENT_DATE" rather than "now()"). They must never be
+// wrapped in quotes.
+var bareKeywordDefaults = map[string]bool{
+	"current_date":      true,
+	"current_time":      true,
+	"current_timestamp": true,
+	"localtime":         true,
+	"localtimestamp":    true,
+	"current_user":      true,
+	"session_user":      true,
+	"current_role":      true,
+	"current_catalog":   true,
+	"current_schema":    true,
+	"null":              true,
+	"true":              true,
+	"false":             true,
+}
+
 func QuoteDefaultValue(value, sqlType string) string {
 	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
 
@@ -132,6 +178,12 @@ func QuoteDefaultValue(value, sqlType string) string {
 		return value
 	}
 
+	// Bare keyword expressions (e.g. CURRENT_DATE) are never quoted,
+	// regardless of column type.
+	if bareKeywordDefaults[strings.ToLower(value)] {
+		return value
+	}
+
 	// Normalise the SQL type: lowercase, strip length/precision suffix.
 	baseType := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(sqlType))
 	if idx := strings.Index(baseType, "("); idx > 0 {

pkg/writers/writer_test.go

@@ -41,6 +41,24 @@ func TestQuoteDefaultValue(t *testing.T) {
 			sqlType: "timestamptz",
 			want:    "now()",
 		},
+		{
+			name:    "bare keyword default CURRENT_DATE is not quoted",
+			value:   "CURRENT_DATE",
+			sqlType: "date",
+			want:    "CURRENT_DATE",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "bare keyword default is case insensitive",
+			value:   "current_timestamp",
+			sqlType: "timestamptz",
+			want:    "current_timestamp",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "bare keyword default localtime is not quoted",
+			value:   "LOCALTIME",
+			sqlType: "time",
+			want:    "LOCALTIME",
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {

test_data/asset-smoke/1_010_templates/assets.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+- file: hello.md
+  call: |
+    INSERT INTO docs (name, content)
+    VALUES (:filename, :bytes::text)
+- file: logo.png
+  call: UPDATE branding SET logo = :bytes WHERE id = 1

test_data/asset-smoke/1_010_templates/hello.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Hello World